Poultry offal meal in broiler chicken feed

An outstanding feature of poultry production that provides animal protein yield for human feeding is its short production cycle. This characteristic has a linear relationship with waste production. Increasing the inclusion of this residue in diets in the near future is desirable in step with the growth of poultry production since it offers a better environmental and nutritional alternative to current methods. We evaluated the effects on the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens produced by the inclusion of poultry offal meal (POM) in their feed. Treatments consisted of a control diet (corn, Zea mays and soybean, Glycine max) and four diets with inclusion of 30, 60, 90 and 120 g kg-1 of POM. The diets were formulated based on the level of digestible amino acid once categorized as isocalcic, isophosphoric, isosodic, isoenergetic and isonutritive for protein, methionine+cystine, lysine and threonine. The feed's electrolytes were corrected so that each diet had the same electrolytic balance. The variables analyzed were feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, body weight, carcass yield, chicken cut yield and abdominal fat. Feed intake was not affected by the quantities of POM added. The weight gain, feed conversion, carcass yield and noble cuts presented quadratic responses to the treatments. Abdominal fat increased linearly. The performance of the poultry, and carcass characteristics were maximized by the inclusion of 53 and 65 g kg-1, respectively, of POM in the diet, and the inclusion of 120 g kg-1 of POM provided greater disposition of abdominal fat

Mathematical models for prediction of nutritional requirement of the choline for chicks

A colina é um nutriente essencial nas dietas de frangos de corte. Os valores de exigências nutricionais são variáveis e foram estabelecidos há muitos anos. Assim, o objetivou-se com este trabalho reavaliar as respostas de frangos de corte de alto potencial genético de 1 a 7, 1 a 14 e 1 a 21 dias de idade como também modelar as respostas por diferentes funções matemáticas. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos sob dois níveis de metionina na dieta, tendo como base o método dose-resposta. Para os ensaios, foram utilizados 2.160 pintos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb 500 (1.080 em cada experimento), distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos, seis repetições e 30 aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram em rações com níveis de 390, 715, 1.040, 1.365, 1.690 e 2.015 mg/kg de colina. As rações experimentais foram formuladas utilizando-se a técnica da suplementação. Foi formulada uma ração basal à base de milho, farelo de soja, concentrado proteico de soja, açúcar e amido contendo 390 mg/kg de colina total e 0,596% de metionina digestível. O cloreto de colina (62,5%) comercial foi suplementado para obter os demais níveis. O segundo experimento consistiu nos mesmos tratamentos do primeiro, porém com atendimento de 0,440% da metionina digestível. As variáveis mensuradas em ambos os ensaios foram: consumo de ração, consumo de colina, conversão alimentar e ganho de peso. Para modelar as respostas considerou-se o consumo de colina como variável independente e ganho de peso como variável dependente. As respostas foram modeladas por cinco modelos matemáticos: broken line, broken line com ascendência quadrática, cinética de saturação, logístico e monomolecular e o melhor modelo foi selecionado pelo critério de Akaike. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas com auxílio do programa computacional SAS® utilizando o procedimento PROC GLM para análise das pressuposições e análise de variância e PROC NLIN para o ajuste dos modelos. Os modelos que melhor se ajustaram foram: Broken line com ascendência quadrática (1,26 mg/g de GP ensaio 1) e Logístico (1,26 mg/g de GP ensaio 2) para o período de 1 a 7 dias. No período de 1 a 14 dias os modelos selecionados para o experimento com metionina normal e reduzida foram Logístico (1,16 mg/g de GP) e Broken line com ascendência quadrática (1,28 mg/g de GP), respectivamente. Já para o período de 1 a 21 foram o cinética de saturação, estimando uma exigência de 1,35 mg/g de GP para o experimento com metionina normal, e Broken line com ascendência quadrática estimando uma exigência de 1,21 mg de colina/g de GP para o experimento com metionina reduzida.Choline is an essential nutrient in the diets of chicks. Supplementation levels in feeds is variable and requirements have been established many years ago. Thus, the objective of this study was to reassess the responses of high genetic potential chicks from 1-7, 1-14 and 1 to 21 days as well as modeling the responses of different mathematical functions. Two trials were conducted using two dietary levels of methionine, based on the dose-response method. For the trials were used 2,160 Cobb 500 male broiler chicks (1,080 birds in each experiment), distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments and six replicates and 30 birds per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of diets with levels of 390, 715, 1,040, 1,365, 1,690 and 2,015 mg/kg of choline. The diets were formulated using the supplementation method. The basal diet was formulated based on corn, soybean meal, soy protein concentrate, sugar and starch, and contained 390 mg/kg of choline and 0.596% of digestible methionine. Commercial choline chloride (62.5%) was supplemented to obtain the other levels. The second trial consisted of the same treatments of the first, but with 0.440% of digestible methionine. The variables measured in both trials were: feed intake (FI), intake of choline (IC), feed conversion (FC) and weight gain (WG). To model the responses, the variables used were the intake of choline as an independent variable and weight gain as the dependent variable. The responses were modeled by five mathematical models: broken line (ascending linear and quadratic segments), saturation kinetic, 4-parameter logistics and monomolecular models and the best model was selected by Akaike information criterion. Statistical analyzes were performed using the computer program SAS® using PROC GLM for analysis of the assumptions and analysis of variance and PROC NLIN to fit the models. The models that best fit were: broken line quadratic segments (1.26 mg/g of WG - trial 1) and Logistics (1.26 mg/g of WG - trial 2) for the period 1-7 days. In the period 1-14 days, the models selected for the experiment with normal and deficient methionine were Logistic (1.16 mg/g WG) and broken line quadratic segments (1.28 mg/g WG), respectively. For the period 1-21days, the models were the saturation kinetics, estimating a requirement of 1.35 mg/g of WG for the experiment with normal methionine, and broken line quadratic segments estimating a requirement of 1.21 mg choline/g of WG for the experiment with deficient methionine

Exigências e otimização de isoleucina, valina, triptofano e arginina para matrizes pesadas

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa: 1) determinar as exigências de mantença de valina (Val), isoleucina (Ile) e triptofano (Trp) digestível utilizando diferentes sistemas de unidade; 2) avaliar as respostas de aves reprodutoras pesadas para diferentes ingestões de Val, Ile e Trp, determinar a eficiência de utilização e desenvolver um modelo fatorial; 3) calcular a ingestão ótima econômica de Val, Ile e Trp para aves reprodutoras pesadas utilizando o Modelo de Reading; 4) determinar as exigências de arginina digestível para manutenção utilizando diferentes sistemas de unidades; avaliar as respostas de aves reprodutoras pesadas para diferentes ingestões de arginina, estimar os parâmetros do Modelo de Reading pelo método da simulação e equação para aves reprodutoras pesadas e calcular a ingestão ótima econômica de arginina, considerando a relação entre custo-benefício e a variabilidade da população. Para o objetivo 1 foram realizados três ensaios utilizando 144 galos Cobb 500. A exigência de mantença foi obtida pela relação entre a ingestão do aminoácido e o nitrogênio retido. Os diferentes sistemas de unidade foram: mg/kg de peso corporal, mg/kg de peso metabólico e mg/kg de peso proteico. Para o objetivo 2 foram realizados três ensaios utilizando 192 aves reprodutoras pesadas. Os dados obtidos foram ingestão do aminoácido (IAA), peso corporal (PC) e massa de ovo (MO). O modelo modificado para calcular as exigências dos aminoácidos foi: IAA=[AAm×(PC×0,196)0,73]+[(Novo×MO×AAovo)/k], onde AAm é o aminoácido para mantença, Novo é o nitrogênio do ovo, AAovo é o aminoácido do ovo e k é a eficiência de utilização. Para o objetivo 3 utilizou-se os dados de AAI, MO e PC do objetivo 2 que foram ajustados pelo modelo de Reading. Para determinar as exigências dos aminoácidos pelo método da simulação foram utilizados 10.000 aves. Para o objetivo 4 foram realizados dois ensaios, o primeiro utilizando 42 galos Ross e o segundo utilizando 64 aves reprodutoras pesadas Ross. Os procedimentos utilizados foram semelhantes aos objetivos 1, 2 e 3. As conclusões obtidas foram: A exigência de manutenção é mais adequadamente expressa como teor de proteína corporal. A predição do modelo foi melhorado utilizando os coeficientes estimados com unidades fisiologicamente relevantes. O modelo de Reading pode ser utilizado para estimar as ingestões ótimas de aminoácidos para galinhas sob diferentes cenários genéticos e econômico e, dependendo dos ingredientes disponíveis e seus preços, o custo de cada um dos aminoácidos pode variar.The objective of this research were: 1) determine the requirements for maintenance of valine (Val), isoleucine (Ile) and tryptophan (Trp) digestible using different unit systems; 2) evaluate the responses of broiler breeder hens to different intakes of Val, Ile and Trp, determine the efficiency of utilization and develop a factorial model; 3) calculate the economic optimum intake of Val, Ile and Trp for broiler breeder hens using the Reading Model; 4) determine the digestible arginine requirements for maintenance using different unit systems; evaluate the responses of broiler breeder hens to different intakes of arginine, estimate the parameters of the Reading Model by the method of simulation and equation for broiler breeder hens and calculate the economic optimum intake of arginine, considering the relationship between costbenefit and flock variability. For the objective 1 were conducted three trials using 144 Cobb 500 roosters. The requirement for maintenance was obtained by the relationship between amino acid intake and nitrogen retention. The different unit systems were: mg/kg of body weight, mg/kg of metabolic weight (BW0.75) and metabolic protein weight at maturity (BPm 0.73×u).For the objective 2 were conducted three trials using 192 Cobb 500 broiler breeder hens. The data obtained were: amino acid intake (AAI), body weight (BW) and the egg output (EO). The modified model to calculate the requirements of amino acids was: AAI=[AAm ×(BW×0.196)0.73]+[(Negg×EO×AAegg)/k] where AAm is the amino acid for maintenance, Negg is nitrogen egg, AAegg amino acid in egg, k is efficiency of utilization. For the objective 3 was used the AAI, EO and BW data from objective 2 that were adjusted by Reading Model. To determine the requirements of amino acids by the simulation method were used 10,000 birds. For objective 4 were conducted two trials, the first using 42 Ross roosters and the second trial using 64 Ross broiler breeder hens. The procedures used were similar to the objectives 1, 2 and 3. The conclusions obtained were: The maintenance requirement is more appropriately expressed as body protein content. The prediction of the model was improved using the coefficients estimated here with physiologically relevant units. The Reading Model could be used to estimate the optimum amino acid intakes for hens under different genetic and economic scenarios and depending on the ingredients available and their prices, the cost of each amino acid will vary.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Valores energéticos do gérmen integral de milho para aves de postura

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do nível de substituição do gérmen integral de milho (GIM) sobre os valores energéticos obtidos pelos métodos de Matterson e da regressão. Foram utilizadas 120 aves com 45 semanas de idade, da linhagem Embrapa 051. O ensaio foi delineado inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de 4 aves. Os tratamentos foram compostos pela ração referência (RR) e quatro níveis de substituição da RR (10, 20, 30 e 40% pelo GIM). Foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas. As variáveis analisadas foram: energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), aparente corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), tempo (TP) e taxa de passagem (TxP) do GIM. A relação entre as variáveis e os níveis de GIM foi estudada por análise de regressão. O tempo e a taxa de passagem foram afetados linearmente pelo nível de substituição do GIM. Os valores de EMA e EMAn foram reduzidos com o aumento do nível de substituição até 31,4 e 32,2% de GIM, respectivamente. O método da regressão proporcionou melhores estimativas para EMA e EMAn do GIM. Os valores de EMA e EMAn do GIM para aves de postura foram 5,161 e 5,066 kcal g-1, respectivamente

EFEITO DA IDADE SOBRE AS PERDAS ENDÓGENAS E METABÓLICAS DE FRANGOS DE CORTE INDUSTRIAL E CAIPIRA

The objective of this study was to determine the endogenous and metabolic losses in broiler chickens and free range on different age rates. On the experiment 1, 140 broiler chickens distributed in an entirely randomized design with four treatments and five replications have been used. On the second experiment, 120 birds of mixed sex from the Embrapa 041 free range line distributed in tree treatments and five replications distributed in a same design. On both experiments the treatments consisted in the average ages of the birds. To the first experiment the ages were: 5; 15; 25 and 35 days of age and the second experiment the average ages adopted were 15, 45 and 75 days of age. The experimental period was of 72 hours of fasting, being the first 24 hours for digestive tract cleaning and the last 48 hours for total collection of the endogenous and metabolic losses. The contents of dry matter, nitrogen and brute energy from birds` endogenous and metabolic losses have been determined. When relating losses per bird and bird weight, different interpretations were obtained for the same variable. The equations obtained to broiler chicken and free range reveled that those birds had different behaviors during metabolic fecal and endogenous urinary. The losses diminished according to age advance

Effect of broiler chicken age on ileal digestibility of corn germ meal

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar o efeito da idade sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal aparente dos nutrientes, da energia bruta e os valores de energia digestível do gérmen integral de milho para frangos de corte. Quatro ensaios de digestibilidade foram realizados com 280 aves de corte (Cobb 500) distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos avaliados consistiram das diferentes idades das aves: 10, 20, 30 e 40 dias. A quantidade de aves utilizadas nos ensaios foram: dez, oito, seis e quatro em cada unidade experimental, nas diferentes idades avaliadas, respectivamente. Os resultados foram analisados considerando-se como variável dependente a digestibilidade ileal aparente da matéria seca, da proteína bruta, do extrato etéreo e da energia bruta, matéria seca digestível, proteína bruta digestível, extrato etéreo digestível e energia digestível e como variável independente as idades (10, 20, 30 e 40 dias). Os resultados obtidos para as variáveis analisadas revelaram que a idade da ave exerceu influência apenas nos coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal da matéria seca e da energia bruta. A energia digestível do gérmen integral de milho aumentou cerca de 13 kcal kg-1 dia-1 até a idade avaliada (40 dias).The objective of this research study was to evaluate the effect of age on the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of nutrients, gross energy and digestible energy of corn germ meal for broilers. Four digestibility trials were conducted using 280 broilers (Cobb 500) distributed in a completely randomized design with two treatments and five replications, repeated at four ages (10, 20, 30 and 40 days). The number of birds used in the tests was 10, 8, 6 and 4 birds per experimental unit at the different ages. The results were analyzed considering as dependent variable the apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and gross energy, digestible dry matter, digestible crude protein, lipid and digestible energy; and ages (10, 20, 30 and 40 days) as the independent variable. The results for the variables showed that bird age exerted influence only in the ileal digestibility of dry matter and gross energy. The digestible energy of corn germ meal increased by about 13 kcal kg-1 day-1 up to the evaluated age (40 days).Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Alternative procedure for determining lysine maintenance requirement in poultry

The objective with this study was to determine the lysine maintenance requirements (LMR) of male and female broilers as animal models. A total of 252 birds were used for nitrogen balance trials during three periods (I: 6-21, II: 22-37, and III: 38-53 days). Six lysine levels were used (2.76, 5.88, 8.99, 12.1, 15.2, and 18.3 g kg−1) with six replications. A control group also included, totalizing seven treatments for males and females for each assay. The experimental period was 15 days. The response variables included nitrogen intake (NI) and excretion (NEX), and their difference was assumed to be deposited as nitrogen. An exponential regression between NEX and lysine intake (LI) was fitted, and LMR was estimated when LI = 0. The daily values for LMR were 9.29, 33.4, and 40.2 mg BW0.67 kg−1 for males and 9.36, 30.0, and 39.4 mg BW0.67 kg−1 for females. The final value for both sexes were 10.1 (period I), 31.5 (period II), and 39.8 mg BW0.67 kg−1 (period III). Expressed as body protein weight at maturity (BPm), the LMR were 172 and 148 (period I), 216 and 207 (period II), and 189 and 180 mg BPm0.73 kg−1 (period III) for males and females, respectively. The results provided ranges of LMR values recommended in previous studies, validating this procedure. The procedure to estimate the requirements presented here provides new insights into the model of amino acid requirement estimation

Poultry offal meal in broiler chicken feed

An outstanding feature of poultry production that provides animal protein yield for human feeding is its short production cycle. This characteristic has a linear relationship with waste production. Increasing the inclusion of this residue in diets in the near future is desirable in step with the growth of poultry production since it offers a better environmental and nutritional alternative to current methods. We evaluated the effects on the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens produced by the inclusion of poultry offal meal (POM) in their feed. Treatments consisted of a control diet (corn, Zea mays and soybean, Glycine max) and four diets with inclusion of 30, 60, 90 and 120 g kg(-1) of POM. The diets were formulated based on the level of digestible amino acid once categorized as isocalcic, isophosphoric, isosodic, isoenergetic and isonutritive for protein, methionine + cystine, lysine and threonine. The feed's electrolytes were corrected so that each diet had the same electrolytic balance. The variables analyzed were feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, body weight, carcass yield, chicken cut yield and abdominal fat. Feed intake was not affected by the quantities of POM added. The weight gain, feed conversion, carcass yield and noble cuts presented quadratic responses to the treatments. Abdominal fat increased linearly. The performance of the poultry, and carcass characteristics were maximized by the inclusion of 53 and 65 g kg(-1), respectively, of POM in the diet, and the inclusion of 120 g kg(-1) of POM provided greater disposition of abdominal fat.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq