8 research outputs found
Approaches in biotechnological applications of natural polymers
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- Publication venue
- 'American Institute of Mathematical Sciences (AIMS)'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2016
- Field of study
Natural polymers, such as gums and mucilage, are biocompatible, cheap, easily available and non-toxic materials of native origin. These polymers are increasingly preferred over synthetic materials for industrial applications due to their intrinsic properties, as well as they are considered alternative sources of raw materials since they present characteristics of sustainability, biodegradability and biosafety. As definition, gums and mucilages are polysaccharides or complex carbohydrates consisting of one or more monosaccharides or their derivatives linked in bewildering variety of linkages and structures. Natural gums are considered polysaccharides naturally occurring in varieties of plant seeds and exudates, tree or shrub exudates, seaweed extracts, fungi, bacteria, and animal sources. Water-soluble gums, also known as hydrocolloids, are considered exudates and are pathological products; therefore, they do not form a part of cell wall. On the other hand, mucilages are part of cell and physiological products. It is important to highlight that gums represent the largest amounts of polymer materials derived from plants. Gums have enormously large and broad applications in both food and non-food industries, being commonly used as thickening, binding, emulsifying, suspending, stabilizing agents and matrices for drug release in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In the food industry, their gelling properties and the ability to mold edible films and coatings are extensively studied. The use of gums depends on the intrinsic properties that they provide, often at costs below those of synthetic polymers. For upgrading the value of gums, they are being processed into various forms, including the most recent nanomaterials, for various biotechnological applications. Thus, the main natural polymers including galactomannans, cellulose, chitin, agar, carrageenan, alginate, cashew gum, pectin and starch, in addition to the current researches about them are reviewed in this article.. }To the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientfĂico e TecnolĂłgico (CNPq) for fellowships (LCBBC and MGCC) and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de NvĂel Superior (CAPES) (PBSA). This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2013 unit, the Project RECI/BBB-EBI/0179/2012 (FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-027462) and COMPETE 2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684) (JAT)
Maternal dietary patterns, diet quality and micronutrient status in gestational diabetes mellitus across different economies: A review
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Guidelines for the Use and Interpretation of Assays for Monitoring Autophagy
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- Aris JP
- Asanuma K
- Asare NY
- Ashida H
- Askanas V
- Askew DS
- Auberger P
- B\ue1nhegyi G
- B\ue9chet DM
- Baba M
- Backues SK
- Baehrecke EH
- Bahr BA
- Bai XY
- Bailly Y
- Baiocchi R
- Baldini G
- Balduini W
- Ballabio A
- Bamber BA
- Bampton ET
- Bartholomew CR
- Bassham DC
- Bast RC Jr
- Batoko H
- Bay BH
- Beau I
- Begley TJ
- Behl C
- Behrends C
- Bekri S
- Bellaire B
- Bendall LJ
- Benetti L
- Berliocchi L
- Bernardi H
- Bernassola F
- Besteiro S
- Bhatia-Kissova I
- Bi X
- Biard-Piechaczyk M
- Blum JS
- Boise LH
- Bonaldo P
- Boone DL
- Bornhauser BC
- Bortoluci KR
- Bossis I
- Bost F
- Bourquin JP
- Boya P
- Boyer-Guittaut M
- Bozhkov PV
- Brady NR
- Brancolini C
- Brech A
- Brenman JE
- Brennand A
- Bresnick EH
- Brest P
- Bridges D
- Bristol ML
- Brookes PS
- Brown EJ
- Brumell JH
- Brunetti-Pierri N
- Brunk UT
- Bulman DE
- Bultman SJ
- Bultynck G
- Burbulla LF
- Bursch W
- Butchar JP
- Buzgariu W
- Bydlowski SP
- Cadwell K
- Cahov\ue1 M
- Cai D
- Cai J
- Cai Q
- Calabretta B
- Calvo-Garrido J
- Camougrand N
- Campanella M
- Campos-Salinas J
- Candi E
- Cao L
- Caplan AB
- Carding SR
- Cardoso SM
- Carew JS
- Carlin CR
- Carmignac V
- Carneiro LA
- Carra S
- Caruso RA
- Casari G
- Casas C
- Castino R
- Cebollero E
- Cecconi F
- Celli J
- Chaachouay H
- Chae HJ
- Chai CY
- Chan DC
- Chan EY
- Chang RC
- Che CM
- Chen SS
- Chen CC
- Chen GC
- Chen GQ
- Chen M
- Chen Q
- Chen W
- Chen X
- Chen X
- Chen X
- Chen Y
- Chen Y
- Chen YG
- Chen YJ
- Chen Z
- Cheng A
- Cheng CH
- Cheng Y
- Cheong H
- Cheong JH
- Cherry S
- Chess-Williams R
- Cheung ZH
- Chevet E
- Chiang HL
- Chiarelli R
- Chiba T
- Chin LS
- Chiou SH
- Chisari FV
- Cho CH
- Cho DH
- Choi AM
- Choi D
- Choi KS
- Choi ME
- Chouaib S
- Choubey D
- Choubey V
- Chu CT
- Chuang TH
- Chueh SH
- Chun T
- Chwae YJ
- Chye ML
- Ciarcia R
- Ciriolo MR
- Clague MJ
- Clark RS
- Clarke PG
- Clarke R
- Codogno P
- Coller HA
- Colombo MI
- Comincini S
- Condello M
- Condorelli F
- Cookson MR
- Coombs GH
- Coppens I
- Corbalan R
- Cossart P
- Costelli P
- Costes S
- Coto-Montes A
- Couve E
- Coxon FP
- Cregg JM
- Crespo JL
- Cronj\ue9 MJ
- Cuervo AM
- Cullen JJ
- Czaja MJ
- D'Amelio M
- D\uedaz-Araya G
- D\uedaz-Laviada I
- Darfeuille-Michaud A
- Davids LM
- Davies FE
- De Felici M
- de Groot JF
- de Haan CA
- De Martino L
- De Milito A
- De Tata V
- Debnath J
- Degterev A
- Dehay B
- Delbridge LM
- Demarchi F
- Deng YZ
- Dengjel J
- Dent P
- Denton D
- Deretic V
- Desai SD
- Devenish RJ
- Di Gioacchino M
- Di Paolo G
- Di Pietro C
- Diaz-Meco MT
- Diaz-Nido J
- Dikic I
- Dinesh-Kumar SP
- Ding WX
- Distelhorst CW
- Diwan A
- Djavaheri-Mergny M
- Dokudovskaya S
- Dong Z
- Dorsey FC
- Dosenko V
- Dowling JJ
- Doxsey S
- Dreux M
- Drew ME
- Duan Q
- Duchosal MA
- Duff K
- Dugail I
- Durbeej M
- Duszenko M
- Edelstein CL
- Edinger AL
- Egea G
- Eichinger L
- Eissa NT
- Ekmekcioglu S
- El-Deiry WS
- Elazar Z
- Elgendy M
- Ellerby LM
- Eng KE
- Engelbrecht AM
- Engelender S
- Erenpreisa J
- Escalante R
- Esclatine A
- Eskelinen EL
- Espert L
- Espina V
- F\ue9s\ufcs L
- Fan H
- Fan J
- Fan QW
- Fan Z
- Fang S
- Fang Y
- Fanto M
- Fanzani A
- Farkas T
- Farr\ue9 JC
- Faure M
- Fechheimer M
- Feng CG
- Feng J
- Feng Q
- Feng Y
- Feuer R
- Figueiredo-Pereira ME
- Fimia GM
- Fingar DC
- Finkbeiner S
- Finkel T
- Finley KD
- Fiorito F
- Fisher EA
- Fisher PB
- Flajolet M
- Florez-McClure ML
- Florio S
- Fon EA
- Fornai F
- Fortunato F
- Fotedar R
- Fowler DH
- Fox HS
- Franco R
- Frankel LB
- Fransen M
- Fuentes JM
- Fueyo J
- Fujii J
- Fujisaki K
- Fujita E
- Fukuda M
- Furukawa RH
- Gaestel M
- Gailly P
- Gajewska M
- Galliot B
- Galy V
- Ganesh S
- Ganetzky B
- Ganley IG
- Gao FB
- Gao GF
- Gao J
- Garcia L
- Garcia-Manero G
- Garcia-Marcos M
- Garmyn M
- Gartel AL
- Gatti E
- Gautel M
- Gawriluk TR
- Gegg ME
- Geng J
- Germain M
- Gestwicki JE
- Gewirtz DA
- Ghavami S
- Ghosh P
- Giammarioli AM
- Giatromanolaki AN
- Gibson SB
- Gilkerson RW
- Ginger ML
- Ginsberg HN
- Golab J
- Goligorsky MS
- Golstein P
- Gomez-Manzano C
- Goncu E
- Gongora C
- Gonz\ue1lez-Est\ue9vez C
- Gonz\ue1lez-Polo RA
- Gonzalez CD
- Gonzalez R
- Gonzalez-Rey E
- Gorbunov NV
- Gorski S
- Goruppi S
- Gottlieb RA
- Gozuacik D
- Granato GE
- Grant GD
- Green KN
- Gregorc A
- Gros F
- Grose C
- Grunt TW
- Gual P
- Guan JL
- Guan KL
- Guichard SM
- Gukovskaya AS
- Gukovsky I
- Gunst J
- Gustafsson AB
- H\ue9bert MJ
- H\uf6hfeld J
- H\uf8yer-Hansen M
- Halayko AJ
- Hale AN
- Halonen SK
- Hamasaki M
- Han F
- Han T
- Hancock MK
- Hansen M
- Harada H
- Harada M
- Hardt SE
- Harper JW
- Harris AL
- Harris J
- Harris SD
- Hashimoto M
- Haspel JA
- Hayashi S
- Hazelhurst LA
- He C
- He YW
- Heidenreich KA
- Helfrich MH
- Helgason GV
- Henske EP
- Herman B
- Herman PK
- Hetz C
- Hilfiker S
- Hill JA
- Hocking LJ
- Hofman P
- Hofmann TG
- Holyoake TL
- Hong MH
- Hood DA
- Hotamisligil GS
- Houwerzijl EJ
- Hu B
- Hu CA
- Hu HM
- Hua Y
- Huang S
- Huang C
- Huang J
- Huang WP
- Huber TB
- Huh WK
- Hung TH
- Hupp TR
- Hur GM
- Hurley JB
- Hussain SN
- Hussey PJ
- Hwang JJ
- Hwang S
- Ichihara A
- Ilkhanizadeh S
- Inoki K
- Into T
- Iovane V
- Iovanna JL
- Ip NY
- Isaka Y
- Ishida H
- Isidoro C
- Isobe K
- Iwasaki A
- Izquierdo M
- Izumi Y
- J\ue4\ue4ttel\ue4 M
- Jaakkola PM
- Jackson GR
- Jackson WT
- Janji B
- Jendrach M
- Jeon JH
- Jeung EB
- Jiang X
- Jiang H
- Jiang H
- Jiang JX
- Jiang M
- Jiang Q
- Jiang X
- Jim\ue9nez A
- Jin M
- Jin S
- Joe CO
- Johansen T
- Johnson DE
- Johnson GV
- Jones NL
- Joseph B
- Joseph SK
- Joubert AM
- Juh\ue1sz G
- Juillerat-Jeanneret L
- Jung YK
- Jung CH
- Kaarniranta K
- Kaasik A
- Kabuta T
- Kadowaki M
- Kagedal K
- Kamada Y
- Kaminskyy VO
- Kampinga HH
- Kanamori H
- Kang C
- Kang KB
- Kang KI
- Kang R
- Kang YA
- Kanki T
- Kanneganti TD
- Kanno H
- Kanthasamy A
- Kanthasamy AG
- Karantza V
- Kaushal GP
- Kaushik S
- Kawazoe Y
- Ke PY
- Kehrl JH
- Kelekar A
- Kerkhoff C
- Kessel DH
- Khalil H
- Kiel JA
- Kiger AA
- Kihara A
- Kim DH
- Kim DH
- Kim DR
- Kim EK
- Kim HR
- Kim JC
- Kim JH
- Kim JK
- Kim JS
- Kim PK
- Kim SW
- Kim Y
- Kim YS
- Kimchi A
- Kimmelman AC
- King JS
- Kinsella TJ
- Kirkin V
- Kirshenbaum LA
- Kitamoto K
- Kitazato K
- Klein L
- Klimecki WT
- Klionsky DJ
- Klucken J
- Knecht E
- Ko BC
- Koch JC
- Koga H
- Koh JY
- Koh YH
- Koike M
- Komatsu M
- Kominami E
- Kong HJ
- Kong WJ
- Korolchuk VI
- Kotake Y
- Koukourakis MI
- Kouri Flores JB
- Kov\ue1cs AL
- Kr\ue4mer H
- Kr\ufcger R
- Kraft C
- Krainc D
- Kretz-Remy C
- Krichevsky AM
- Kroemer G
- Krut O
- Ktistakis NT
- Kuan CY
- Kucharczyk R
- Kumar A
- Kumar R
- Kumar S
- Kundu M
- Kung HJ
- Kurz T
- Kwon HJ
- L\u151w P
- L\ue1szl\uf3 L
- L\uf3pez-Ot\uedn C
- La Spada AR
- Lafont F
- Lamark T
- Landry J
- Lane JD
- Lapaquette P
- Laporte JF
- Lavandero S
- Lavoie JN
- Layfield R
- Lazo PA
- Le Cam L
- Le W
- Ledbetter DJ
- Lee GM
- Lee AJ
- Lee BW
- Lee J
- Lee JH
- Lee M
- Lee MS
- Lee SH
- Leeuwenburgh C
- Legembre P
- Legouis R
- Lehmann M
- Lei HY
- Lei QY
- Leib DA
- Leiro J
- Lemasters JJ
- Lemoine A
- Lesniak MS
- Lev D
- Levenson VV
- Levine B
- Levy E
- Li YB
- Li F
- Li JL
- Li L
- Li S
- Li W
- Li XJ
- Li YP
- Liang C
- Liang Q
- Liao YF
- Liberski PP
- Lieberman A
- Lim HJ
- Lim K
- Lim KL
- Lin CF
- Lin FC
- Lin J
- Lin JD
- Lin K
- Lin WC
- Lin WW
- Lin YL
- Linden R
- Lingor P
- Lippincott-Schwartz J
- Lisanti MP
- Liton PB
- Liu L
- Liu B
- Liu CF
- Liu K
- Liu QA
- Liu W
- Liu Y
- Liu YC
- Lockshin RA
- Lok CN
- Lonial S
- Loos B
- Lopez-Berestein G
- Lossi L
- Lotze MT
- Lu Z
- Lu B
- Lu B
- Lu B
- Luciano F
- Lukacs NW
- Lund AH
- Lynch-Day MA
- M\ufcller S
- M\ufcnger K
- M\ufcnz C
- Ma Y
- Macian F
- MacKeigan JP
- Macleod KF
- Madeo F
- Maiuri L
- Maiuri MC
- Malagoli D
- Malicdan MC
- Malorni W
- Man N
- Mandelkow EM
- Manon S
- Manov I
- Mao K
- Mao X
- Mao Z
- Marambaud P
- Marazziti D
- Marcel YL
- Marchbank K
- Marchetti P
- Marciniak SJ
- Marcondes M
- Mardi M
- Marfe G
- Mari\uf1o G
- Markaki M
- Marten MR
- Martin SJ
- Martinand-Mari C
- Martinet W
- Martinez-Vicente M
- Masini M
- Matarrese P
- Matsuo S
- Matteoni R
- Mayer A
- Mazure NM
- McConkey DJ
- McConnell MJ
- McDermott C
- McDonald C
- McInerney GM
- McKenna SL
- McLaughlin B
- McLean PJ
- McMaster CR
- McQuibban GA
- Meijer AJ
- Meisler MH
- Mel\ue9ndez A
- Melia TJ
- Melino G
- Mena MA
- Menendez JA
- Menna-Barreto RF
- Menon MB
- Menzies FM
- Mercer CA
- Merighi A
- Merry DE
- Meschini S
- Meyer CG
- Meyer TF
- Miao CY
- Miao JY
- Michels PA
- Michiels C
- Mijaljica D
- Milojkovic A
- Minucci S
- Miracco C
- Miranti CK
- Mitroulis I
- Miyazawa K
- Mizushima N
- Mograbi B
- Mohseni S
- Molero X
- Mollereau B
- Mollinedo F
- Momoi T
- Monastyrska I
- Monick MM
- Monteiro MJ
- Moore MN
- Mora R
- Moreau K
- Moreira PI
- Moriyasu Y
- Moscat J
- Mostowy S
- Mottram JC
- Motyl T
- Moussa CE
- Muller S
- Murphy LO
- Murphy ME
- Musar\uf2 A
- Mysorekar I
- N\ufcrnberger T
- Nagata E
- Nagata K
- Nahimana A
- Nair U
- Nakagawa T
- Nakahira K
- Nakano H
- Nakatogawa H
- Nanjundan M
- Naqvi NI
- Narendra DP
- Narita M
- Navarro M
- Nawrocki ST
- Nazarko TY
- Nemchenko A
- Netea MG
- Neufeld TP
- Ney PA
- Nezis IP
- Nguyen HP
- Nie D
- Nishino I
- Nislow C
- Nixon RA
- Noda T
- Noegel AA
- Nogalska A
- Noguchi S
- Notterpek L
- Novak I
- Nozaki T
- Nukina N
- Nyfeler B
- Obara K
- Oberley TD
- Oddo S
- Ogawa M
- Ohashi T
- Okamoto K
- Oleinick NL
- Oliver FJ
- Olsen LJ
- Olsson S
- Opota O
- Osborne TF
- Ostrander GK
- Otsu K
- Ou JH
- Ouimet M
- Overholtzer M
- Ozpolat B
- P\uf6ggeler S
- Paganetti P
- Pagnini U
- Pallet N
- Palmer GE
- Palumbo C
- Pan T
- Panaretakis T
- Pandey UB
- Papackova Z
- Papassideri I
- Paris I
- Park J
- Park OK
- Parys JB
- Parzych KR
- Patschan S
- Patterson C
- Pattingre S
- Pawelek JM
- Peng J
- Perlmutter DH
- Perrotta I
- Perry G
- Pervaiz S
- Peter M
- Peters GJ
- Petersen M
- Petrovski G
- Phang JM
- Piacentini M
- Pierre P
- Pierrefite-Carle V
- Pierron G
- Pinkas-Kramarski R
- Piras A
- Piri N
- Platanias LC
- Po\ufcs C
- Poirot M
- Poletti A
- Pozuelo-Rubio M
- Pr\ue6torius-Ibba M
- Prasad A
- Prescott M
- Priault M
- Produit-Zengaffinen N
- Progulske-Fox A
- Proikas-Cezanne T
- Przedborski S
- Przyklenk K
- Puertollano R
- Puyal J
- Qian SB
- Qin L
- Qin ZH
- Quaggin SE
- R\ue9gnier-Vigouroux A
- Raben N
- Rabinowich H
- Rabkin SW
- Rahman I
- Rami A
- Ramm G
- Randall G
- Randow F
- Rao VA
- Rathmell JC
- Ravikumar B
- Ray SK
- Reed BH
- Reed JC
- Reggiori F
- Reichert AS
- Reiners JJ Jr
- Reiter RJ
- Ren J
- Revuelta JL
- Rhodes CJ
- Ritis K
- Rizzo E
- Robbins J
- Roberge M
- Roca H
- Roccheri MC
- Rocchi S
- Rodemann HP
- Rodr\uedguez de C\uf3rdoba S
- Rohrer B
- Roninson IB
- Rosen K
- Rost-Roszkowska MM
- Rouis M
- Rouschop KM
- Rovetta F
- Rubin BP
- Rubinsztein DC
- Ruckdeschel K
- Rucker EB 3rd
- Rudich A
- Rudolf E
- Ruiz-Opazo N
- Russo R
- Rusten TE
- Ryan KM
- Ryter SW
- S\ue1nchez-Alc\ue1zar JA
- S\ue1nchez-Prieto R
- Sabatini DM
- Sadoshima J
- Saha T
- Saitoh T
- Sakagami H
- Sakai Y
- Salekdeh GH
- Salomoni P
- Salvaterra PM
- Salvesen G
- Salvioli R
- Sanchez AM
- Sandri M
- Sankar U
- Sansanwal P
- Santambrogio L
- Saran S
- Sarkar S
- Sarwal M
- Sasakawa C
- Sasnauskiene A
- Sass M
- Sato K
- Sato M
- Sch\ue4tzl HM
- Sch\ufcller C
- Schapira AH
- Scharl M
- Scheper W
- Schiaffino S
- Schneider C
- Schneider ME
- Schneider-Stock R
- Schoenlein PV
- Schorderet DF
- Schwartz GK
- Scorrano L
- Sealy L
- Seglen PO
- Segura-Aguilar J
- Seiliez I
- Seleverstov O
- Sell C
- Seo JB
- Separovic D
- Setaluri V
- Setoguchi T
- Settembre C
- Shacka JJ
- Shanmugam M
- Shapiro IM
- Shaulian E
- Shaw RJ
- Shelhamer JH
- Shen HM
- Shen WC
- Sheng ZH
- Shi Y
- Shibuya K
- Shidoji Y
- Shieh JJ
- Shih CM
- Shimada Y
- Shimizu S
- Shintani T
- Shirihai OS
- Shore GC
- Sibirny AA
- Sidhu SB
- Sikorska B
- Silva-Zacarin E
- Silva-Zacarin EC
- Simmons A
- Simon AK
- Simon HU
- Simone C
- Simonsen A
- Sinclair DA
- Singh R
- Sinha D
- Sinicrope FA
- Sirko A
- Siu PM
- Sivridis E
- Skop V
- Skulachev VP
- Slack RS
- Smaili SS
- Smith DR
- Soengas MS
- Soldati T
- Song X
- Sood AK
- Soong TW
- Sotgia F
- Spector SA
- Spies CD
- Springer W
- Srinivasula SM
- Stefanis L
- Steffan JS
- Stendel R
- Stenmark H
- Stephanou A
- Stern ST
- Sternberg C
- Stork B
- Str\ue5lfors P
- Subauste CS
- Sui X
- Sulzer D
- Sun SY
- Sun J
- Sun ZJ
- Sung JJ
- Suzuki K
- Suzuki T
- Swanson MS
- Swanton C
- Sweeney ST
- Sy LK
- Szabadkai G
- T\uf6nges L
- Tabas I
- Taegtmeyer H
- Tafani M
- Tak\ue1cs-Vellai K
- Takano Y
- Takegawa K
- Takemura G
- Takeshita F
- Talbot NJ
- Tan KS
- Tanaka K
- Tanaka K
- Tang D
- Tang D
- Tanida I
- Tannous BA
- Tavernarakis N
- Taylor GA
- Taylor GS
- Taylor JP
- Terada LS
- Terman A
- Tettamanti G
- Thevissen K
- Thompson CB
- Thorburn A
- Thumm M
- Tian F
- Tian Y
- Tocchini-Valentini G
- Tolkovsky AM
- Tomino Y
- Tooze SA
- Tournier C
- Tower J
- Towns R
- Trajkovic V
- Travassos LH
- Tsai TF
- Tschan MP
- Tsubata T
- Tsung A
- Turk B
- Turner LS
- Tyagi SC
- Uchiyama Y
- Ueno T
- Umekawa M
- Umemiya-Shirafuji R
- Unni VK
- Vaccaro MI
- Valente EM
- Van den Berghe G
- van der Klei IJ
- van Doorn W
- van Dyk LF
- van Egmond M
- van Grunsven LA
- Vandenabeele P
- Vandenberghe WP
- Vanhorebeek I
- Vaquero EC
- Velasco G
- Vellai T
- Vicencio JM
- Vierstra RD
- Vila M
- Vindis C
- Viola G
- Viscomi MT
- Voitsekhovskaja OV
- von Haefen C
- Votruba M
- Wada K
- Wade-Martins R
- Walker CL
- Walsh CM
- Walter J
- Wan XB
- Wang ZC
- Wang A
- Wang C
- Wang D
- Wang F
- Wang F
- Wang G
- Wang H
- Wang HD
- Wang HG
- Wang J
- Wang K
- Wang M
- Wang RC
- Wang X
- Wang X
- Wang Y
- Wang YJ
- Wang Z
- Wang Z
- Wansink DG
- Ward DM
- Watada H
- Waters SL
- Webster P
- Wei L
- Weihl CC
- Weiss WA
- Welford SM
- Wen LP
- Whitehouse CA
- Whitton JL
- Whitworth AJ
- Wileman T
- Wiley JW
- Wilkinson S
- Willbold D
- Williams RL
- Williamson PR
- Wouters BG
- Wu C
- Wu DC
- Wu WK
- Wyttenbach A
- Xavier RJ
- Xi Z
- Xia P
- Xiao G
- Xie Z
- Xie Z
- Xu DZ
- Xu J
- Xu L
- Xu X
- Yamamoto A
- Yamamoto A
- Yamashina S
- Yamashita M
- Yan X
- Yanagida M
- Yang DS
- Yang E
- Yang JM
- Yang SY
- Yang W
- Yang WY
- Yang Z
- Yao MC
- Yao TP
- Yeganeh B
- Yen WL
- Yin JJ
- Yin XM
- Yoo OJ
- Yoon G
- Yoon SY
- Yorimitsu T
- Yoshikawa Y
- Yoshimori T
- Yoshimoto K
- You HJ
- Youle RJ
- Younes A
- Yu SW
- Yu L
- Yu L
- Yu WH
- Yuan ZM
- Yue Z
- Yun CH
- Yuzaki M
- Zabirnyk O
- Zacks D
- Zacksenhaus E
- Zaffaroni N
- Zakeri Z
- Zeh HJ 3rd
- Zeitlin SO
- Zhang HL
- Zhang H
- Zhang J
- Zhang JP
- Zhang L
- Zhang L
- Zhang MY
- Zhang XD
- Zhao M
- Zhao Y
- Zhao YF
- Zhao ZJ
- Zheng X
- Zhivotovsky B
- Zhong Q
- Zhou CZ
- Zhu C
- Zhu WG
- Zhu X
- Zhu XF
- Zhu Y
- Zoladek T
- Zong WX
- Zorzano A
- Zschocke J
- Zuckerbraun B.
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2012
- Field of study
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.
- Author
- Abdalla Fc
- Abeliovich H
- Abraham Rt
- Acevedo Arozena A
- Adeli K
- Agholme L
- Agnello M
- Agostinis P
- Aguirre Ghiso Ja
- Ahn Hj
- Ait Mohamed O
- Ait Si Ali S
- Akematsu T
- Akira S
- Al Younes Hm
- Al Zeer Ma
- Albert Ml
- Albin Rl
- Alegre Abarrategui J
- Aleo Mf
- Alirezaei M
- Almasan A
- Almonte Becerril M
- Amano A
- Amaravadi R
- Amarnath S
- Amer Ao
- Anantharam V
- Andrieu Abadie N
- Ann Dk
- Anoopkumar Dukie S
- Aoki H
- Apostolova N
- Arancia G
- Aris Jp
- Asanuma K
- Asare Ny
- Ashida H
- Askanas V
- Askew Ds
- Auberger P
- B\ue1nhegyi G
- B\ue9chet Dm
- Baba M
- Backues Sk
- Baehrecke Eh
- Bahr Ba
- Bai Xy
- Bailly Y
- Baiocchi R
- Baldini G
- Balduini W
- Ballabio A
- Bamber Ba
- Bampton Et
- Bartholomew Cr
- Bassham Dc
- Bast RC Jr
- Batoko H
- Bay Bh
- Beau I
- Begley Tj
- Behl C
- Behrends C
- Bekri S
- Bellaire B
- Bendall Lj
- Benetti L
- Berliocchi L
- Bernardi H
- Bernassola F
- Besteiro S
- Bhatia Kissova I
- Bi X
- Biard Piechaczyk M
- Blum Js
- Boise Lh
- Bonaldo P
- Boone Dl
- Bornhauser Bc
- Bortoluci Kr
- Bossis I
- Bost F
- Bourquin Jp
- Boya P
- Boyer Guittaut M
- Bozhkov Pv
- Brady Nr
- Brancolini C
- Brech A
- Brenman Je
- Brennand A
- Bresnick Eh
- Brest P
- Bridges D
- Bristol Ml
- Brookes Ps
- Brown Ej
- Brumell Jh
- Brunetti Pierri N
- Brunk Ut
- Bulman De
- Bultman Sj
- Bultynck G
- Burbulla Lf
- Bursch W
- Butchar Jp
- Buzgariu W
- Bydlowski Sp
- Cadwell K
- Cahov\ue1 M
- Cai D
- Cai J
- Cai Q
- Calabretta B
- Calvo Garrido J
- Camougrand N
- Campanella M
- Campos Salinas J
- Candi E
- Cao L
- Caplan Ab
- Carding Sr
- Cardoso Sm
- Carew Js
- Carlin Cr
- Carmignac V
- Carneiro La
- Carra S
- Caruso Ra
- Casari G
- Casas C
- Castino R
- Cebollero E
- Cecconi F
- Celli J
- Chaachouay H
- Chae Hj
- Chai Cy
- Chan Dc
- Chan Ey
- Chang Rc
- Che Cm
- Chen Cc
- Chen Gc
- Chen Gq
- Chen M
- Chen Q
- Chen Ss
- Chen W
- Chen X
- Chen X
- Chen X
- Chen Y
- Chen Y
- Chen Yg
- Chen Yj
- Chen Z
- Cheng A
- Cheng Ch
- Cheng Y
- Cheong H
- Cheong Jh
- Cherry S
- Chess Williams R
- Cheung Zh
- Chevet E
- Chiang Hl
- Chiarelli R
- Chiba T
- Chin Ls
- Chiou Sh
- Chisari Fv
- Cho Ch
- Cho Dh
- Choi Am
- Choi D
- Choi Ks
- Choi Me
- Chouaib S
- Choubey D
- Choubey V
- Chu Ct
- Chuang Th
- Chueh Sh
- Chun T
- Chwae Yj
- Chye Ml
- Ciarcia R
- Ciriolo Mr
- Clague Mj
- Clark Rs
- Clarke Pg
- Clarke R
- Codogno P
- Coller Ha
- Colombo Mi
- Comincini S
- Condello M
- Condorelli F
- Cookson Mr
- Coombs Gh
- Coppens I
- Corbalan R
- Cossart P
- Costelli P
- Costes S
- Coto Montes A
- Couve E
- Coxon Fp
- Cregg Jm
- Crespo Jl
- Cronj\ue9 Mj
- Cuervo Am
- Cullen Jj
- Czaja Mj
- D'Amelio M
- D\uedaz Araya G
- D\uedaz Laviada I
- Darfeuille Michaud A
- Davids Lm
- Davies Fe
- De Felici M
- de Groot Jf
- de Haan Ca
- De Martino L
- De Milito A
- De Tata V
- Debnath J
- Degterev A
- Dehay B
- Delbridge Lm
- Demarchi F
- Deng Yz
- Dengjel J
- Dent P
- Denton D
- Deretic V
- Desai Sd
- Devenish Rj
- Di Gioacchino M
- Di Paolo G
- Di Pietro C
- Diaz Meco Mt
- Diaz Nido J
- Dikic I
- Dinesh Kumar Sp
- Ding Wx
- Distelhorst Cw
- Diwan A
- Djavaheri Mergny M
- Dokudovskaya S
- Dong Z
- Dorsey Fc
- Dosenko V
- Dowling Jj
- Doxsey S
- Dreux M
- Drew Me
- Duan Q
- Duchosal Ma
- Duff K
- Dugail I
- Durbeej M
- Duszenko M
- Edelstein Cl
- Edinger Al
- Egea G
- Eichinger L
- Eissa Nt
- Ekmekcioglu S
- El Deiry Ws
- Elazar Z
- Elgendy M
- Ellerby Lm
- Eng Ke
- Engelbrecht Am
- Engelender S
- Erenpreisa J
- Escalante R
- Esclatine A
- Eskelinen El
- Espert L
- Espina V
- F\ue9s\ufcs L
- Fan H
- Fan J
- Fan Qw
- Fan Z
- Fang S
- Fang Y
- Fanto M
- Fanzani A
- Farkas T
- Farr\ue9 Jc
- Faure M
- Fechheimer M
- Feng Cg
- Feng J
- Feng Q
- Feng Y
- Feuer R
- Figueiredo Pereira Me
- Fimia Gm
- Fingar Dc
- Finkbeiner S
- Finkel T
- Finley Kd
- Fiorito F
- Fisher Ea
- Fisher Pb
- Flajolet M
- Florez McClure Ml
- Florio S
- Fon Ea
- Fornai F
- Fortunato F
- Fotedar R
- Fowler Dh
- Fox Hs
- Franco R
- Frankel Lb
- Fransen M
- Fuentes Jm
- Fueyo J
- Fujii J
- Fujisaki K
- Fujita E
- Fukuda M
- Furukawa Rh
- Gaestel M
- Gailly P
- Gajewska M
- Galliot B
- Galy V
- Ganesh S
- Ganetzky B
- Ganley Ig
- Gao Fb
- Gao Gf
- Gao J
- Garcia Manero G
- Garcia Marcos M
- Garcia L
- Garmyn M
- Gartel Al
- Gatti E
- Gautel M
- Gawriluk Tr
- Gegg Me
- Geng J
- Germain M
- Gestwicki Je
- Gewirtz Da
- Ghavami S
- Ghosh P
- Giammarioli Am
- Giatromanolaki An
- Gibson Sb
- Gilkerson Rw
- Ginger Ml
- Ginsberg Hn
- Golab J
- Goligorsky Ms
- Golstein P
- Gomez Manzano C
- Goncu E
- Gongora C
- Gonz\ue1lez Est\ue9vez C
- Gonz\ue1lez Polo Ra
- Gonzalez Rey E
- Gonzalez Cd
- Gonzalez R
- Gorbunov Nv
- Gorski S
- Goruppi S
- Gottlieb Ra
- Gozuacik D
- Granato Ge
- Grant Gd
- Green Kn
- Gregorc A
- Gros F
- Grose C
- Grunt Tw
- Gual P
- Guan Jl
- Guan Kl
- Guichard Sm
- Gukovskaya As
- Gukovsky I
- Gunst J
- Gustafsson Ab
- H\ue9bert Mj
- H\uf6hfeld J
- H\uf8yer Hansen M
- Halayko Aj
- Hale An
- Halonen Sk
- Hamasaki M
- Han F
- Han T
- Hancock Mk
- Hansen M
- Harada H
- Harada M
- Hardt Se
- Harper Jw
- Harris Al
- Harris J
- Harris Sd
- Hashimoto M
- Haspel Ja
- Hayashi S
- Hazelhurst La
- He C
- He Yw
- Heidenreich Ka
- Helfrich Mh
- Helgason Gv
- Henske Ep
- Herman B
- Herman Pk
- Hetz C
- Hilfiker S
- Hill Ja
- Hocking Lj
- Hofman P
- Hofmann Tg
- Holyoake Tl
- Hong Mh
- Hood Da
- Hotamisligil Gs
- Houwerzijl Ej
- Hu B
- Hu Ca
- Hu Hm
- Hua Y
- Huang C
- Huang J
- Huang S
- Huang Wp
- Huber Tb
- Huh Wk
- Hung Th
- Hupp Tr
- Hur Gm
- Hurley Jb
- Hussain Sn
- Hussey Pj
- Hwang Jj
- Hwang S
- Ichihara A
- Ilkhanizadeh S
- Inoki K
- Into T
- Iovane V
- Iovanna Jl
- Ip Ny
- Isaka Y
- Ishida H
- Isidoro C
- Isobe K
- Iwasaki A
- Izquierdo M
- Izumi Y
- J\ue4\ue4ttel\ue4 M
- Jaakkola Pm
- Jackson Gr
- Jackson Wt
- Janji B
- Jendrach M
- Jeon Jh
- Jeung Eb
- Jiang H
- Jiang H
- Jiang Jx
- Jiang M
- Jiang Q
- Jiang X
- Jiang X
- Jim\ue9nez A
- Jin M
- Jin S
- Joe Co
- Johansen T
- Johnson De
- Johnson Gv
- Jones Nl
- Joseph B
- Joseph Sk
- Joubert Am
- Juh\ue1sz G
- Juillerat Jeanneret L
- Jung Ch
- Jung Yk
- Kaarniranta K
- Kaasik A
- Kabuta T
- Kadowaki M
- Kagedal K
- Kamada Y
- Kaminskyy Vo
- Kampinga Hh
- Kanamori H
- Kang C
- Kang Kb
- Kang Ki
- Kang R
- Kang Ya
- Kanki T
- Kanneganti Td
- Kanno H
- Kanthasamy A
- Kanthasamy Ag
- Karantza V
- Kaushal Gp
- Kaushik S
- Kawazoe Y
- Ke Py
- Kehrl Jh
- Kelekar A
- Kerkhoff C
- Kessel Dh
- Khalil H
- Kiel Ja
- Kiger Aa
- Kihara A
- Kim Dh
- Kim Dh
- Kim Dr
- Kim Ek
- Kim Hr
- Kim Jc
- Kim Jh
- Kim Jk
- Kim Js
- Kim Pk
- Kim Sw
- Kim Y
- Kim Ys
- Kimchi A
- Kimmelman Ac
- King Js
- Kinsella Tj
- Kirkin V
- Kirshenbaum La
- Kitamoto K
- Kitazato K
- Klein L
- Klimecki Wt
- Klionsky Dj
- Klucken J
- Knecht E
- Ko Bc
- Koch Jc
- Koga H
- Koh Jy
- Koh Yh
- Koike M
- Komatsu M
- Kominami E
- Kong Hj
- Kong Wj
- Korolchuk Vi
- Kotake Y
- Koukourakis Mi
- Kouri Flores Jb
- Kov\ue1cs Al
- Kr\ue4mer H
- Kr\ufcger R
- Kraft C
- Krainc D
- Kretz Remy C
- Krichevsky Am
- Kroemer G
- Krut O
- Ktistakis Nt
- Kuan Cy
- Kucharczyk R
- Kumar A
- Kumar R
- Kumar S
- Kundu M
- Kung Hj
- Kurz T
- Kwon Hj
- L\u151w P
- L\ue1szl\uf3 L
- L\uf3pez Ot\uedn C
- La Spada Ar
- Lafont F
- Lamark T
- Landry J
- Lane Jd
- Lapaquette P
- Laporte Jf
- Lavandero S
- Lavoie Jn
- Layfield R
- Lazo Pa
- Le Cam L
- Le W
- Ledbetter Dj
- Lee Aj
- Lee Bw
- Lee Gm
- Lee J
- Lee Jh
- Lee M
- Lee Ms
- Lee Sh
- Leeuwenburgh C
- Legembre P
- Legouis R
- Lehmann M
- Lei Hy
- Lei Qy
- Leib Da
- Leiro J
- Lemasters Jj
- Lemoine A
- Lesniak Ms
- Lev D
- Levenson Vv
- Levine B
- Levy E
- Li F
- Li Jl
- Li L
- Li S
- Li W
- Li Xj
- Li Yb
- Li Yp
- Liang C
- Liang Q
- Liao Yf
- Liberski Pp
- Lieberman A
- Lim Hj
- Lim K
- Lim Kl
- Lin Cf
- Lin Fc
- Lin J
- Lin Jd
- Lin K
- Lin Wc
- Lin Ww
- Lin Yl
- Linden R
- Lingor P
- Lippincott Schwartz J
- Lisanti Mp
- Liton Pb
- Liu B
- Liu Cf
- Liu K
- Liu L
- Liu Qa
- Liu W
- Liu Y
- Liu Yc
- Lockshin Ra
- Lok Cn
- Lonial S
- Loos B
- Lopez Berestein G
- Lossi L
- Lotze Mt
- Lu B
- Lu B
- Lu B
- Lu Z
- Luciano F
- Lukacs Nw
- Lund Ah
- Lynch Day Ma
- M\ufcller S
- M\ufcnger K
- M\ufcnz C
- Ma Y
- Macian F
- Mackeigan Jp
- Macleod Kf
- Madeo F
- Maiuri L
- Maiuri Mc
- Malagoli D
- Malicdan Mc
- Malorni W
- Man N
- Mandelkow Em
- Manon S
- Manov I
- Mao K
- Mao X
- Mao Z
- Marambaud P
- Marazziti D
- Marcel Yl
- Marchbank K
- Marchetti P
- Marciniak Sj
- Marcondes M
- Mardi M
- Marfe G
- Mari\uf1o G
- Markaki M
- Marten Mr
- Martin Sj
- Martinand Mari C
- Martinet W
- Martinez Vicente M
- Masini M
- Matarrese P
- Matsuo S
- Matteoni R
- Mayer A
- Mazure Nm
- Mcconkey Dj
- Mcconnell Mj
- Mcdermott C
- Mcdonald C
- Mcinerney Gm
- Mckenna Sl
- Mclaughlin B
- Mclean Pj
- Mcmaster Cr
- Mcquibban Ga
- Meijer Aj
- Meisler Mh
- Mel\ue9ndez A
- Melia Tj
- Melino G
- Mena Ma
- Menendez Ja
- Menna Barreto Rf
- Menon Mb
- Menzies Fm
- Mercer Ca
- Merighi A
- Merry De
- Meschini S
- Meyer Cg
- Meyer Tf
- Miao Cy
- Miao Jy
- Michels Pa
- Michiels C
- Mijaljica D
- Milojkovic A
- Minucci S
- Miracco C
- Miranti Ck
- Mitroulis I
- Miyazawa K
- Mizushima N
- Mograbi B
- Mohseni S
- Molero X
- Mollereau B
- Mollinedo F
- Momoi T
- Monastyrska I
- Monick Mm
- Monteiro Mj
- Moore Mn
- Mora R
- Moreau K
- Moreira Pi
- Moriyasu Y
- Moscat J
- Mostowy S
- Mottram Jc
- Motyl T
- Moussa Ce
- Muller S
- Murphy Lo
- Murphy Me
- Musar\uf2 A
- Mysorekar I
- N\ufcrnberger T
- Nagata E
- Nagata K
- Nahimana A
- Nair U
- Nakagawa T
- Nakahira K
- Nakano H
- Nakatogawa H
- Nanjundan M
- Naqvi Ni
- Narendra Dp
- Narita M
- Navarro M
- Nawrocki St
- Nazarko Ty
- Nemchenko A
- Netea Mg
- Neufeld Tp
- Ney Pa
- Nezis Ip
- Nguyen Hp
- Nie D
- Nishino I
- Nislow C
- Nixon Ra
- Noda T
- Noegel Aa
- Nogalska A
- Noguchi S
- Notterpek L
- Novak I
- Nozaki T
- Nukina N
- Nyfeler B
- Obara K
- Oberley Td
- Oddo S
- Ogawa M
- Ohashi T
- Okamoto K
- Oleinick Nl
- Oliver Fj
- Olsen Lj
- Olsson S
- Opota O
- Osborne Tf
- Ostrander Gk
- Otsu K
- Ou Jh
- Ouimet M
- Overholtzer M
- Ozpolat B
- P\uf6ggeler S
- Paganetti P
- Pagnini U
- Pallet N
- Palmer Ge
- Palumbo C
- Pan T
- Panaretakis T
- Pandey Ub
- Papackova Z
- Papassideri I
- Paris I
- Park J
- Park Ok
- Parys Jb
- Parzych Kr
- Patschan S
- Patterson C
- Pattingre S
- Pawelek Jm
- Peng J
- Perlmutter Dh
- Perrotta I
- Perry G
- Pervaiz S
- Peter M
- Peters Gj
- Petersen M
- Petrovski G
- Phang Jm
- Piacentini M
- Pierre P
- Pierrefite Carle V
- Pierron G
- Pinkas Kramarski R
- Piras A
- Piri N
- Platanias Lc
- Po\ufcs C
- Poirot M
- Poletti A
- Pozuelo Rubio M
- Pr\ue6torius Ibba M
- Prasad A
- Prescott M
- Priault M
- Produit Zengaffinen N
- Progulske Fox A
- Proikas Cezanne T
- Przedborski S
- Przyklenk K
- Puertollano R
- Puyal J
- Qian Sb
- Qin L
- Qin Zh
- Quaggin Se
- R\ue9gnier Vigouroux A
- Raben N
- Rabinowich H
- Rabkin Sw
- Rahman I
- Rami A
- Ramm G
- Randall G
- Randow F
- Rao Va
- Rathmell Jc
- Ravikumar B
- Ray Sk
- Reed Bh
- Reed Jc
- Reggiori F
- Reichert As
- Reiners JJ Jr
- Reiter Rj
- Ren J
- Revuelta Jl
- Rhodes Cj
- Ritis K
- Rizzo E
- Robbins J
- Roberge M
- Roca H
- Roccheri Mc
- Rocchi S
- Rodemann Hp
- Rodr\uedguez de C\uf3rdoba S
- Rohrer B
- Roninson Ib
- Rosen K
- Rost Roszkowska Mm
- Rouis M
- Rouschop Km
- Rovetta F
- Rubin Bp
- Rubinsztein Dc
- Ruckdeschel K
- Rucker EB 3rd
- Rudich A
- Rudolf E
- Ruiz Opazo N
- Russo R
- Rusten Te
- Ryan Km
- Ryter Sw
- S\ue1nchez Alc\ue1zar Ja
- S\ue1nchez Prieto R
- Sabatini Dm
- Sadoshima J
- Saha T
- Saitoh T
- Sakagami H
- Sakai Y
- Salekdeh Gh
- Salomoni P
- Salvaterra Pm
- Salvesen G
- Salvioli R
- Sanchez Am
- Sandri Marco
- Sankar U
- Sansanwal P
- Santambrogio L
- Saran S
- Sarkar S
- Sarwal M
- Sasakawa C
- Sasnauskiene A
- Sass M
- Sato K
- Sato M
- Sch\ue4tzl Hm
- Sch\ufcller C
- Schapira Ah
- Scharl M
- Scheper W
- Schiaffino S
- Schneider Stock R
- Schneider C
- Schneider Me
- Schoenlein Pv
- Schorderet Df
- Schwartz Gk
- Scorrano Luca
- Sealy L
- Seglen Po
- Segura Aguilar J
- Seiliez I
- Seleverstov O
- Sell C
- Seo Jb
- Separovic D
- Setaluri V
- Setoguchi T
- Settembre C
- Shacka Jj
- Shanmugam M
- Shapiro Im
- Shaulian E
- Shaw Rj
- Shelhamer Jh
- Shen Hm
- Shen Wc
- Sheng Zh
- Shi Y
- Shibuya K
- Shidoji Y
- Shieh Jj
- Shih Cm
- Shimada Y
- Shimizu S
- Shintani T
- Shirihai Os
- Shore Gc
- Sibirny Aa
- Sidhu Sb
- Sikorska B
- Silva Zacarin E
- Silva Zacarin Ec
- Simmons A
- Simon Ak
- Simon Hu
- Simone C
- Simonsen A
- Sinclair Da
- Singh R
- Sinha D
- Sinicrope Fa
- Sirko A
- Siu Pm
- Sivridis E
- Skop V
- Skulachev Vp
- Slack Rs
- Smaili Ss
- Smith Dr
- Soengas Ms
- Soldati T
- Song X
- Sood Ak
- Soong Tw
- Sotgia F
- Spector Sa
- Spies Cd
- Springer W
- Srinivasula Sm
- Stefanis L
- Steffan Js
- Stendel R
- Stenmark H
- Stephanou A
- Stern St
- Sternberg C
- Stork B
- Str\ue5lfors P
- Subauste Cs
- Sui X
- Sulzer D
- Sun J
- Sun Sy
- Sun Zj
- Sung Jj
- Suzuki K
- Suzuki T
- Swanson Ms
- Swanton C
- Sweeney St
- Sy Lk
- Szabadkai Gyorgy
- T\uf6nges L
- Tabas I
- Taegtmeyer H
- Tafani M
- Tak\ue1cs Vellai K
- Takano Y
- Takegawa K
- Takemura G
- Takeshita F
- Talbot Nj
- Tan Ks
- Tanaka K
- Tanaka K
- Tang D
- Tang D
- Tanida I
- Tannous Ba
- Tavernarakis N
- Taylor Ga
- Taylor Gs
- Taylor Jp
- Terada Ls
- Terman A
- Tettamanti G
- Thevissen K
- Thompson Cb
- Thorburn A
- Thumm M
- Tian F
- Tian Y
- Tocchini Valentini G
- Tolkovsky Am
- Tomino Y
- Tooze Sa
- Tournier C
- Tower J
- Towns R
- Trajkovic V
- Travassos Lh
- Tsai Tf
- Tschan Mp
- Tsubata T
- Tsung A
- Turk B
- Turner Ls
- Tyagi Sc
- Uchiyama Y
- Ueno T
- Umekawa M
- Umemiya Shirafuji R
- Unni Vk
- Vaccaro Mi
- Valente Em
- Van den Berghe G
- van der Klei Ij
- van Doorn W
- van Dyk Lf
- van Egmond M
- van Grunsven La
- Vandenabeele P
- Vandenberghe Wp
- Vanhorebeek I
- Vaquero Ec
- Velasco G
- Vellai T
- Vicencio Jm
- Vierstra Rd
- Vila M
- Vindis C
- Viola G
- Viscomi Mt
- Voitsekhovskaja Ov
- von Haefen C
- Votruba M
- Wada K
- Wade Martins R
- Walker Cl
- Walsh Cm
- Walter J
- Wan Xb
- Wang A
- Wang C
- Wang D
- Wang F
- Wang F
- Wang G
- Wang H
- Wang Hd
- Wang Hg
- Wang J
- Wang K
- Wang M
- Wang Rc
- Wang X
- Wang X
- Wang Y
- Wang Yj
- Wang Z
- Wang Z
- Wang Zc
- Wansink Dg
- Ward Dm
- Watada H
- Waters Sl
- Webster P
- Wei L
- Weihl Cc
- Weiss Wa
- Welford Sm
- Wen Lp
- Whitehouse Ca
- Whitton Jl
- Whitworth Aj
- Wileman T
- Wiley Jw
- Wilkinson S
- Willbold D
- Williams Rl
- Williamson Pr
- Wouters Bg
- Wu C
- Wu Dc
- Wu Wk
- Wyttenbach A
- Xavier Rj
- Xi Z
- Xia P
- Xiao G
- Xie Z
- Xie Z
- Xu Dz
- Xu J
- Xu L
- Xu X
- Yamamoto A
- Yamamoto A
- Yamashina S
- Yamashita M
- Yan X
- Yanagida M
- Yang Ds
- Yang E
- Yang Jm
- Yang Sy
- Yang W
- Yang Wy
- Yang Z
- Yao Mc
- Yao Tp
- Yeganeh B
- Yen Wl
- Yin Jj
- Yin Xm
- Yoo Oj
- Yoon G
- Yoon Sy
- Yorimitsu T
- Yoshikawa Y
- Yoshimori T
- Yoshimoto K
- You Hj
- Youle Rj
- Younes A
- Yu L
- Yu L
- Yu Sw
- Yu Wh
- Yuan Zm
- Yue Z
- Yun Ch
- Yuzaki M
- Zabirnyk O
- Zacks D
- Zacksenhaus E
- Zaffaroni N
- Zakeri Z
- Zeh HJ 3rd
- Zeitlin So
- Zhang H
- Zhang Hl
- Zhang J
- Zhang Jp
- Zhang L
- Zhang L
- Zhang My
- Zhang Xd
- Zhao M
- Zhao Y
- Zhao Yf
- Zhao Zj
- Zheng X
- Zhivotovsky B
- Zhong Q
- Zhou Cz
- Zhu C
- Zhu Wg
- Zhu X
- Zhu Xf
- Zhu Y
- Zoladek T
- Zong Wx
- Zorzano A
- Zschocke J
- Zuckerbraun B.
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2012
- Field of study
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy.
- Author
- Abdalla Fc
- Abeliovich H
- Abraham Rt
- Acevedo-Arozena A
- Adeli K
- Agholme L
- Agnello M
- Agostinis P
- Aguirre-Ghiso Ja
- Ahn Hj
- Ait-Mohamed O
- Ait-Si-Ali S
- Akematsu T
- Akira S
- Al-Younes Hm
- Al-Zeer Ma
- Albert Ml
- Albin Rl
- Alegre-Abarrategui J
- Aleo Mf
- Alirezaei M
- Almasan A
- Almonte-Becerril M
- Amano A
- Amaravadi R
- Amarnath S
- Amer Ao
- Anantharam V
- Andrieu-Abadie N
- Ann Dk
- Anoopkumar-Dukie S
- Aoki H
- Apostolova N
- Arancia G
- Aris Jp
- Asanuma K
- Asare Ny
- Ashida H
- Askanas V
- Askew Ds
- Auberger P
- B\ue1nhegyi G
- B\ue9chet Dm
- Baba M
- Backues Sk
- Baehrecke Eh
- Bahr Ba
- Bai Xy
- Bailly Y
- Baiocchi R
- Baldini G
- Balduini W
- Ballabio A
- Bamber Ba
- Bampton Et
- Bartholomew Cr
- Bassham Dc
- Bast RC Jr
- Batoko H
- Bay Bh
- Beau I
- Begley Tj
- Behl C
- Behrends C
- Bekri S
- Bellaire B
- Bendall Lj
- Benetti L
- Berliocchi L
- Bernardi H
- Bernassola F
- Besteiro S
- Bhatia-Kissova I
- Bi X
- Biard-Piechaczyk M
- Blum Js
- Boise Lh
- Bonaldo P
- Boone Dl
- Bornhauser Bc
- Bortoluci Kr
- Bossis I
- Bost F
- Bourquin Jp
- Boya P
- Boyer-Guittaut M
- Bozhkov Pv
- Brady Nr
- Brancolini C
- Brech A
- Brenman Je
- Brennand A
- Bresnick Eh
- Brest P
- Bridges D
- Bristol Ml
- Brookes Ps
- Brown Ej
- Brumell Jh
- Brunetti-Pierri N
- Brunk Ut
- Bulman De
- Bultman Sj
- Bultynck G
- Burbulla Lf
- Bursch W
- Butchar Jp
- Buzgariu W
- Bydlowski Sp
- Cadwell K
- Cahov\ue1 M
- Cai D
- Cai J
- Cai Q
- Calabretta B
- Calvo-Garrido J
- Camougrand N
- Campanella M
- Campos-Salinas J
- Candi E
- Cao L
- Caplan Ab
- Carding Sr
- Cardoso Sm
- Carew Js
- Carlin Cr
- Carmignac V
- Carneiro La
- Carra S
- Caruso Ra
- Casari G
- Casas C
- Castino R
- Cebollero E
- Cecconi F
- Celli J
- Chaachouay H
- Chae Hj
- Chai Cy
- Chan Dc
- Chan Ey
- Chang Rc
- Che Cm
- Chen Cc
- Chen Gc
- Chen Gq
- Chen M
- Chen Q
- Chen Ss
- Chen W
- Chen X
- Chen X
- Chen X
- Chen Y
- Chen Y
- Chen Yg
- Chen Yj
- Chen Z
- Cheng A
- Cheng Ch
- Cheng Y
- Cheong H
- Cheong Jh
- Cherry S
- Chess-Williams R
- Cheung Zh
- Chevet E
- Chiang Hl
- Chiarelli R
- Chiba T
- Chin Ls
- Chiou Sh
- Chisari Fv
- Cho Ch
- Cho Dh
- Choi Am
- Choi D
- Choi Ks
- Choi Me
- Chouaib S
- Choubey D
- Choubey V
- Chu Ct
- Chuang Th
- Chueh Sh
- Chun T
- Chwae Yj
- Chye Ml
- Ciarcia R
- Ciriolo Mr
- Clague Mj
- Clark Rs
- Clarke Pg
- Clarke R
- Codogno P
- Coller Ha
- Colombo Mi
- Comincini S
- Condello M
- Condorelli F
- Cookson Mr
- Coombs Gh
- Coppens I
- Corbalan R
- Cossart P
- Costelli P
- Costes S
- Coto-Montes A
- Couve E
- Coxon Fp
- Cregg Jm
- Crespo Jl
- Cronj\ue9 Mj
- Cuervo Am
- Cullen Jj
- Czaja Mj
- D'Amelio M
- D\uedaz-Araya G
- D\uedaz-Laviada I
- Darfeuille-Michaud A
- Davids Lm
- Davies Fe
- De Felici M
- de Groot JF
- de Haan CA
- De Martino L
- De Milito A
- De Tata V
- Debnath J
- Degterev A
- Dehay B
- Delbridge Lm
- Demarchi F
- Deng Yz
- Dengjel J
- Dent P
- Denton D
- Deretic V
- Desai Sd
- Devenish Rj
- Di Gioacchino M
- Di Paolo G
- Di Pietro C
- Diaz-Meco Mt
- Diaz-Nido J
- Dikic I
- Dinesh-Kumar Sp
- Ding Wx
- Distelhorst Cw
- Diwan A
- Djavaheri-Mergny M
- Dokudovskaya S
- Dong Z
- Dorsey Fc
- Dosenko V
- Dowling Jj
- Doxsey S
- Dreux M
- Drew Me
- Duan Q
- Duchosal Ma
- Duff K
- Dugail I
- Durbeej M
- Duszenko M
- Edelstein Cl
- Edinger Al
- Egea G
- Eichinger L
- Eissa Nt
- Ekmekcioglu S
- El-Deiry Ws
- Elazar Z
- Elgendy M
- Ellerby Lm
- Eng Ke
- Engelbrecht Am
- Engelender S
- Erenpreisa J
- Escalante R
- Esclatine A
- Eskelinen El
- Espert L
- Espina V
- F\ue9s\ufcs L
- Fan H
- Fan J
- Fan Qw
- Fan Z
- Fang S
- Fang Y
- Fanto M
- Fanzani A
- Farkas T
- Farr\ue9 Jc
- Faure M
- Fechheimer M
- Feng Cg
- Feng J
- Feng Q
- Feng Y
- Feuer R
- Figueiredo-Pereira Me
- Fimia Gm
- Fingar Dc
- Finkbeiner S
- Finkel T
- Finley Kd
- Fiorito F
- Fisher Ea
- Fisher Pb
- Flajolet M
- Florez-McClure Ml
- Florio S
- Fon Ea
- Fornai F
- Fortunato F
- Fotedar R
- Fowler Dh
- Fox Hs
- Franco R
- Frankel Lb
- Fransen M
- Fuentes Jm
- Fueyo J
- Fujii J
- Fujisaki K
- Fujita E
- Fukuda M
- Furukawa Rh
- Gaestel M
- Gailly P
- Gajewska M
- Galliot B
- Galy V
- Ganesh S
- Ganetzky B
- Ganley Ig
- Gao Fb
- Gao Gf
- Gao J
- Garcia L
- Garcia-Manero G
- Garcia-Marcos M
- Garmyn M
- Gartel Al
- Gatti E
- Gautel M
- Gawriluk Tr
- Gegg Me
- Geng J
- Germain M
- Gestwicki Je
- Gewirtz Da
- Ghavami S
- Ghosh P
- Giammarioli Am
- Giatromanolaki An
- Gibson Sb
- Gilkerson Rw
- Ginger Ml
- Ginsberg Hn
- Golab J
- Goligorsky Ms
- Golstein P
- Gomez-Manzano C
- Goncu E
- Gongora C
- Gonz\ue1lez-Est\ue9vez C
- Gonz\ue1lez-Polo Ra
- Gonzalez Cd
- Gonzalez R
- Gonzalez-Rey E
- Gorbunov Nv
- Gorski S
- Goruppi S
- Gottlieb Ra
- Gozuacik D
- Granato Ge
- Grant Gd
- Green Kn
- Gregorc A
- Gros F
- Grose C
- Grunt Tw
- Gual P
- Guan Jl
- Guan Kl
- Guichard Sm
- Gukovskaya As
- Gukovsky I
- Gunst J
- Gustafsson Ab
- H\ue9bert Mj
- H\uf6hfeld J
- H\uf8yer-Hansen M
- Halayko Aj
- Hale An
- Halonen Sk
- Hamasaki M
- Han F
- Han T
- Hancock Mk
- Hansen M
- Harada H
- Harada M
- Hardt Se
- Harper Jw
- Harris Al
- Harris J
- Harris Sd
- Hashimoto M
- Haspel Ja
- Hayashi S
- Hazelhurst La
- He C
- He Yw
- Heidenreich Ka
- Helfrich Mh
- Helgason Gv
- Henske Ep
- Herman B
- Herman Pk
- Hetz C
- Hilfiker S
- Hill Ja
- Hocking Lj
- Hofman P
- Hofmann Tg
- Holyoake Tl
- Hong Mh
- Hood Da
- Hotamisligil Gs
- Houwerzijl Ej
- Hu B
- Hu Ca
- Hu Hm
- Hua Y
- Huang C
- Huang J
- Huang S
- Huang Wp
- Huber Tb
- Huh Wk
- Hung Th
- Hupp Tr
- Hur Gm
- Hurley Jb
- Hussain Sn
- Hussey Pj
- Hwang Jj
- Hwang S
- Ichihara A
- Ilkhanizadeh S
- Inoki K
- Into T
- Iovane V
- Iovanna Jl
- Ip Ny
- Isaka Y
- Ishida H
- Isidoro C
- Isobe K
- Iwasaki A
- Izquierdo M
- Izumi Y
- J\ue4\ue4ttel\ue4 M
- Jaakkola Pm
- Jackson Gr
- Jackson Wt
- Janji B
- Jendrach M
- Jeon Jh
- Jeung Eb
- Jiang H
- Jiang H
- Jiang Jx
- Jiang M
- Jiang Q
- Jiang X
- Jiang X
- Jim\ue9nez A
- Jin M
- Jin S
- Joe Co
- Johansen T
- Johnson De
- Johnson Gv
- Jones Nl
- Joseph B
- Joseph Sk
- Joubert Am
- Juh\ue1sz G
- Juillerat-Jeanneret L
- Jung Ch
- Jung Yk
- Kaarniranta K
- Kaasik A
- Kabuta T
- Kadowaki M
- Kagedal K
- Kamada Y
- Kaminskyy Vo
- Kampinga Hh
- Kanamori H
- Kang C
- Kang Kb
- Kang Ki
- Kang R
- Kang Ya
- Kanki T
- Kanneganti Td
- Kanno H
- Kanthasamy A
- Kanthasamy Ag
- Karantza V
- Kaushal Gp
- Kaushik S
- Kawazoe Y
- Ke Py
- Kehrl Jh
- Kelekar A
- Kerkhoff C
- Kessel Dh
- Khalil H
- Kiel Ja
- Kiger Aa
- Kihara A
- Kim Dh
- Kim Dh
- Kim Dr
- Kim Ek
- Kim Hr
- Kim Jc
- Kim Jh
- Kim Jk
- Kim Js
- Kim Pk
- Kim Sw
- Kim Y
- Kim Ys
- Kimchi A
- Kimmelman Ac
- King Js
- Kinsella Tj
- Kirkin V
- Kirshenbaum La
- Kitamoto K
- Kitazato K
- Klein L
- Klimecki Wt
- Klionsky Dj
- Klucken J
- Knecht E
- Ko Bc
- Koch Jc
- Koga H
- Koh Jy
- Koh Yh
- Koike M
- Komatsu M
- Kominami E
- Kong Hj
- Kong Wj
- Korolchuk Vi
- Kotake Y
- Koukourakis Mi
- Kouri Flores JB
- Kov\ue1cs Al
- Kr\ue4mer H
- Kr\ufcger R
- Kraft C
- Krainc D
- Kretz-Remy C
- Krichevsky Am
- Kroemer G
- Krut O
- Ktistakis Nt
- Kuan Cy
- Kucharczyk R
- Kumar A
- Kumar R
- Kumar S
- Kundu M
- Kung Hj
- Kurz T
- Kwon Hj
- L\u151w P
- L\ue1szl\uf3 L
- L\uf3pez-Ot\uedn C
- La Spada AR
- Lafont F
- Lamark T
- Landry J
- Lane Jd
- Lapaquette P
- Laporte Jf
- Lavandero S
- Lavoie Jn
- Layfield R
- Lazo Pa
- Le Cam L
- Le W
- Ledbetter Dj
- Lee Aj
- Lee Bw
- Lee Gm
- Lee J
- Lee Jh
- Lee M
- Lee Ms
- Lee Sh
- Leeuwenburgh C
- Legembre P
- Legouis R
- Lehmann M
- Lei Hy
- Lei Qy
- Leib Da
- Leiro J
- Lemasters Jj
- Lemoine A
- Lesniak Ms
- Lev D
- Levenson Vv
- Levine B
- Levy E
- Li F
- Li Jl
- Li L
- Li S
- Li W
- Li Xj
- Li Yb
- Li Yp
- Liang C
- Liang Q
- Liao Yf
- Liberski Pp
- Lieberman A
- Lim Hj
- Lim K
- Lim Kl
- Lin Cf
- Lin Fc
- Lin J
- Lin Jd
- Lin K
- Lin Wc
- Lin Ww
- Lin Yl
- Linden R
- Lingor P
- Lippincott-Schwartz J
- Lisanti Mp
- Liton Pb
- Liu B
- Liu Cf
- Liu K
- Liu L
- Liu Qa
- Liu W
- Liu Y
- Liu Yc
- Lockshin Ra
- Lok Cn
- Lonial S
- Loos B
- Lopez-Berestein G
- Lossi L
- Lotze Mt
- Lu B
- Lu B
- Lu B
- Lu Z
- Luciano F
- Lukacs Nw
- Lund Ah
- Lynch-Day Ma
- M\ufcller S
- M\ufcnger K
- M\ufcnz C
- Ma Y
- Macian F
- MacKeigan Jp
- Macleod Kf
- Madeo F
- Maiuri L
- Maiuri Mc
- Malagoli D
- Malicdan Mc
- Malorni W
- Man N
- Mandelkow Em
- Manon S
- Manov I
- Mao K
- Mao X
- Mao Z
- Marambaud P
- Marazziti D
- Marcel Yl
- Marchbank K
- Marchetti P
- Marciniak Sj
- Marcondes M
- Mardi M
- Marfe G
- Mari\uf1o G
- Markaki M
- Marten Mr
- Martin Sj
- Martinand-Mari C
- Martinet W
- Martinez-Vicente M
- Masini M
- Matarrese P
- Matsuo S
- Matteoni R
- Mayer A
- Mazure Nm
- McConkey Dj
- McConnell Mj
- McDermott C
- McDonald C
- McInerney Gm
- McKenna Sl
- McLaughlin B
- McLean Pj
- McMaster Cr
- McQuibban Ga
- Meijer Aj
- Meisler Mh
- Mel\ue9ndez A
- Melia Tj
- Melino G
- Mena Ma
- Menendez Ja
- Menna-Barreto Rf
- Menon Mb
- Menzies Fm
- Mercer Ca
- Merighi A
- Merry De
- Meschini S
- Meyer Cg
- Meyer Tf
- Miao Cy
- Miao Jy
- Michels Pa
- Michiels C
- Mijaljica D
- Milojkovic A
- Minucci S
- Miracco C
- Miranti Ck
- Mitroulis I
- Miyazawa K
- Mizushima N
- Mograbi B
- Mohseni S
- Molero X
- Mollereau B
- Mollinedo F
- Momoi T
- Monastyrska I
- Monick Mm
- Monteiro Mj
- Moore Mn
- Mora R
- Moreau K
- Moreira Pi
- Moriyasu Y
- Moscat J
- Mostowy S
- Mottram Jc
- Motyl T
- Moussa Ce
- Muller S
- Murphy Lo
- Murphy Me
- Musar\uf2 A
- Mysorekar I
- N\ufcrnberger T
- Nagata E
- Nagata K
- Nahimana A
- Nair U
- Nakagawa T
- Nakahira K
- Nakano H
- Nakatogawa H
- Nanjundan M
- Naqvi Ni
- Narendra Dp
- Narita M
- Navarro M
- Nawrocki St
- Nazarko Ty
- Nemchenko A
- Netea Mg
- Neufeld Tp
- Ney Pa
- Nezis Ip
- Nguyen Hp
- Nie D
- Nishino I
- Nislow C
- Nixon Ra
- Noda T
- Noegel Aa
- Nogalska A
- Noguchi S
- Notterpek L
- Novak I
- Nozaki T
- Nukina N
- Nyfeler B
- Obara K
- Oberley Td
- Oddo S
- Ogawa M
- Ohashi T
- Okamoto K
- Oleinick Nl
- Oliver Fj
- Olsen Lj
- Olsson S
- Opota O
- Osborne Tf
- Ostrander Gk
- Otsu K
- Ou Jh
- Ouimet M
- Overholtzer M
- Ozpolat B
- P\uf6ggeler S
- Paganetti P
- Pagnini U
- Pallet N
- Palmer Ge
- Palumbo C
- Pan T
- Panaretakis T
- Pandey Ub
- Papackova Z
- Papassideri I
- Paris I
- Park J
- Park Ok
- Parys Jb
- Parzych Kr
- Patschan S
- Patterson C
- Pattingre S
- Pawelek Jm
- Peng J
- Perlmutter Dh
- Perrotta I
- Perry G
- Pervaiz S
- Peter M
- Peters Gj
- Petersen M
- Petrovski G
- Phang Jm
- Piacentini M
- Pierre P
- Pierrefite-Carle V
- Pierron G
- Pinkas-Kramarski R
- Piras A
- Piri N
- Platanias Lc
- Po\ufcs C
- Poirot M
- Poletti A
- Pozuelo-Rubio M
- Pr\ue6torius-Ibba M
- Prasad A
- Prescott M
- Priault M
- Produit-Zengaffinen N
- Progulske-Fox A
- Proikas-Cezanne T
- Przedborski S
- Przyklenk K
- Puertollano R
- Puyal J
- Qian Sb
- Qin L
- Qin Zh
- Quaggin Se
- R\ue9gnier-Vigouroux A
- Raben N
- Rabinowich H
- Rabkin Sw
- Rahman I
- Rami A
- Ramm G
- Randall G
- Randow F
- Rao Va
- Rathmell Jc
- Ravikumar B
- Ray Sk
- Reed Bh
- Reed Jc
- Reggiori F
- Reichert As
- Reiners JJ Jr
- Reiter Rj
- Ren J
- Revuelta Jl
- Rhodes Cj
- Ritis K
- Rizzo E
- Robbins J
- Roberge M
- Roca H
- Roccheri Mc
- Rocchi S
- Rodemann Hp
- Rodr\uedguez de C\uf3rdoba S
- Rohrer B
- Roninson Ib
- Rosen K
- Rost-Roszkowska Mm
- Rouis M
- Rouschop Km
- Rovetta F
- Rubin Bp
- Rubinsztein Dc
- Ruckdeschel K
- Rucker EB 3rd
- Rudich A
- Rudolf E
- Ruiz-Opazo N
- Russo R
- Rusten Te
- Ryan Km
- Ryter Sw
- S\ue1nchez-Alc\ue1zar Ja
- S\ue1nchez-Prieto R
- Sabatini Dm
- Sadoshima J
- Saha T
- Saitoh T
- Sakagami H
- Sakai Y
- Salekdeh Gh
- Salomoni P
- Salvaterra Pm
- Salvesen G
- Salvioli R
- Sanchez Am
- Sandri M
- Sankar U
- Sansanwal P
- Santambrogio L
- Saran S
- Sarkar S
- Sarwal M
- Sasakawa C
- Sasnauskiene A
- Sass M
- Sato K
- Sato M
- Sch\ue4tzl Hm
- Sch\ufcller C
- Schapira Ah
- Scharl M
- Scheper W
- Schiaffino S
- Schneider C
- Schneider Me
- Schneider-Stock R
- Schoenlein Pv
- Schorderet Df
- Schwartz Gk
- Scorrano L
- Sealy L
- Seglen Po
- Segura-Aguilar J
- Seiliez I
- Seleverstov O
- Sell C
- Seo Jb
- Separovic D
- Setaluri V
- Setoguchi T
- Settembre C
- Shacka Jj
- Shanmugam M
- Shapiro Im
- Shaulian E
- Shaw Rj
- Shelhamer Jh
- Shen Hm
- Shen Wc
- Sheng Zh
- Shi Y
- Shibuya K
- Shidoji Y
- Shieh Jj
- Shih Cm
- Shimada Y
- Shimizu S
- Shintani T
- Shirihai Os
- Shore Gc
- Sibirny Aa
- Sidhu Sb
- Sikorska B
- Silva-Zacarin E
- Silva-Zacarin Ec
- Simmons A
- Simon Ak
- Simon Hu
- Simone C
- Simonsen A
- Sinclair Da
- Singh R
- Sinha D
- Sinicrope Fa
- Sirko A
- Siu Pm
- Sivridis E
- Skop V
- Skulachev Vp
- Slack Rs
- Smaili Ss
- Smith Dr
- Soengas Ms
- Soldati T
- Song X
- Sood Ak
- Soong Tw
- Sotgia F
- Spector Sa
- Spies Cd
- Springer W
- Srinivasula Sm
- Stefanis L
- Steffan Js
- Stendel R
- Stenmark H
- Stephanou A
- Stern St
- Sternberg C
- Stork B
- Str\ue5lfors P
- Subauste Cs
- Sui X
- Sulzer D
- Sun J
- Sun Sy
- Sun Zj
- Sung Jj
- Suzuki K
- Suzuki T
- Swanson Ms
- Swanton C
- Sweeney St
- Sy Lk
- Szabadkai G
- T\uf6nges L
- Tabas I
- Taegtmeyer H
- Tafani M
- Tak\ue1cs-Vellai K
- Takano Y
- Takegawa K
- Takemura G
- Takeshita F
- Talbot Nj
- Tan Ks
- Tanaka K
- Tanaka K
- Tang D
- Tang D
- Tanida I
- Tannous Ba
- Tavernarakis N
- Taylor Ga
- Taylor Gs
- Taylor Jp
- Terada Ls
- Terman A
- Tettamanti G
- Thevissen K
- Thompson Cb
- Thorburn A
- Thumm M
- Tian F
- Tian Y
- Tocchini-Valentini G
- Tolkovsky Am
- Tomino Y
- Tooze Sa
- Tournier C
- Tower J
- Towns R
- Trajkovic V
- Travassos Lh
- Tsai Tf
- Tschan Mp
- Tsubata T
- Tsung A
- Turk B
- Turner Ls
- Tyagi Sc
- Uchiyama Y
- Ueno T
- Umekawa M
- Umemiya-Shirafuji R
- Unni Vk
- Vaccaro Mi
- Valente Em
- Van den Berghe G
- van der Klei IJ
- van Doorn W
- van Dyk LF
- van Egmond M
- van Grunsven LA
- Vandenabeele P
- Vandenberghe Wp
- Vanhorebeek I
- Vaquero Ec
- Velasco G
- Vellai T
- Vicencio Jm
- Vierstra Rd
- Vila M
- Vindis C
- Viola G
- Viscomi M. T. (ORCID:0000-0002-9096-4967)
- Voitsekhovskaja Ov
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- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla FC
- Abeliovich H
- Abraham RT
- Acevedo-Arozena A
- Adeli K
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- Agnello M
- Agostinis P
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- Publication venue
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- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued
to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been
expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have
described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable
methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a
difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or
autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete
process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result
in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within,
lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is
especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily
equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a
concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity.
Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine
macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are
focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part
on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most
appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we
consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by
discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition).
- Author
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