1,461 research outputs found
Associations between gestational weight gain and rate of infancy weight gain in Hawaii and Puerto Rico WIC participants.
Background Excessive gestational weight gain and rapid infancy weight gain (RIWG) are associated with increased susceptibility to childhood obesity. Since low-income and minority children are particularly at risk, investigation of the associations between gestational weight gain and rate of infancy weight gain may inform childhood obesity prevention. This study investigated the associations between gestational weight gain and rate of infancy weight gain during the first four to six months postpartum in participants from the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) in Hawai‘i and Puerto Rico. Methods This was a cross-sectional secondary data analysis from a text message-based intervention in WIC participants in Hawai‘i and Puerto Rico. The analysis included 80 mother/infant pairs from the control group who completed the follow-up visit when infants were four to six months old. Maternal weight, height, and gestational weight gain were self-reported. Infant weight was measured at baseline and follow-up. A proportional odds model was used to investigate the association between gestational weight gain and infancy weight gain rate (rapid or extremely rapid, on-track, or slow), adjusting for maternal age, pregravid body mass index (BMI) status, parity, and being up-to-date with infant vaccinations. Results In comparison to recommended gestational weight gain, excessive and inadequate (under the recommended amount) gestational weight gain was associated with 77% decreased (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.23; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.08, 0.70; p = 0.01) and 71% decreased (AOR = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.09, 0.94; p = 0.04) odds of RIWG versus on-track or slow infant weight gain, respectively. In comparison to women with one child, women with two children (AOR = 0.31; 95% CI = 0.11, 0.87; p = 0.03) or three or four children (AOR = 0.24; 95% CI = 0.07, 0.88; p = 0.03) had significantly lower odds of RIWG versus on-track or slow infancy weight gain. Conclusions Women with excessive or inadequate gestational weight gain had lower proportional odds of RIWG and were more likely to have slower infant weight gain than women who gained the recommended amount of weigh
Association between cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and BMI and the amount of food wasted in early adolescent girls.
Understanding of behavioral factors associated with obesity is of
importance in addressing this issue. This study examined the association
between cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and
body mass index (BMI) and amount of food plated, consumed, leftovers,
and leftover food thrown into the trash (food wasted) in early
adolescent girls nine to 13 years in O'ahu, Hawai'i (n = 93). Food
plated, consumed, leftovers, and food wasted were estimated using a
three-day mobile food record™ (mFR). Weight and height were measured to
compute BMI (kg/m 2). The three-factor eating questionnaire provided a
score from 0 to 100 for cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, and
emotional eating. Higher scores are indicative of greater cognitive
restraint, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating. Pearson's
correlations were computed to examine the relationship between three
factor eating scores and BMI. General linear models were conducted to
examine the effect of each of three-factor eating scores on food plated,
consumed, leftovers, and food wasted. Cognitive restraint was
positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.36, p < 0.001) and with BMI
z-score (r = 0.40, p < 0.001). There were no associations between
three-factor eating scores and food plated, consumed, leftovers, and
food wasted at lunch. However, at dinner, total energy plated, left
over, and food wasted increased by 4.24 kcal/day (p = 0.030), 1.67
kcal/day (p = 0.002), and 0.93 kcal/day (p = 0.031), respectively, with a
unit increase in uncontrolled eating score. Similarly, total energy
plated and energy left over at dinner increased by 3.40 kcal/day (p =
0.045) and 1.51 kcal/day (p = 0.001), respectively, with a unit increase
in emotional eating score. Additional research should examine the
specific roles of cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, emotional
eating and food waste in the development of obesity in adolescents
Breastfeeding discontinuation not associated with maternal pregravid BMI but associated with Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander race in Hawaii and Puerto Rico WIC participants
Objectives This study investigated the association between maternal
pregravid body mass index (BMI) and breastfeeding discontinuation at 4-6
months postpartum in Hawaii and Puerto Rico participants from the
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
(WIC). Methods A secondary data analysis was conducted from a text
message-based intervention in WIC participants in Hawaii and Puerto
Rico. The analysis included 87 women from the control group who
initiated breastfeeding and whose breastfeeding status was known at the
end of the study when infants were 4-6 months old. Pregravid BMI and
breastfeeding discontinuation were assessed using questionnaires.
Results The association between pregravid BMI and breastfeeding
discontinuation was not significant in the unadjusted model or in the
adjusted model. Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (NHOPI)
participants showed significantly increased odds of discontinuing
breastfeeding (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 7.12; 95% CI 1.34, 37.97; p =
.02) compared to all the other racial/ethnic participants, as did older
women ages 32-39 years versus women who were 25-31 years old (AOR 4.21;
95% CI 1.13, 15.72; p = .03). Women who took vitamins while
breastfeeding had decreased odds of discontinuing breastfeeding (AOR
0.15; 95% CI 0.05, 0.46; p = .0009). Conclusions for Practice Pregravid
BMI was not significantly associated with breastfeeding discontinuation
at 4-6 months postpartum in women from Hawaii and Puerto Rico WIC, but
NHOPIs and women who were older had higher odds of discontinuing
breastfeeding. The results of this study may inform strategies for
breastfeeding promotion and childhood obesity prevention but should be
further investigated in larger studies. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02903186
Factors influencing hoop rupture strains of FRP-confined concrete
It is now well understood that the hoop rupture strain of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) jackets confining concrete is often lower than the ultimate tensile strain of the component fibers. A number of reasons for the lower hoop rupture strains in FRP have been identified; however, the relationships between the material properties of FRP-confined concrete and hoop ruptures strains are yet to be established. This paper presents the results of an experimental study into the factors influencing the hoop strain efficiency of FRP jackets. 24 FRP-confined concrete specimens were tested under axial compression. The results indicate that the hoop rupture strains of FRP jackets decrease with either an increase in the strength of the unconfined concrete or the elastic modulus of the fiber material. These observations were verified by additional results from a large FRP-confined concrete test database assembled from the published literature.</jats:p
Characterizing early adolescent food waste using the mobile food record.
This study aimed to assess the amount of plate waste and how plate waste
was disposed by early adolescent girls using a mobile food record
(mFR). Participants were girls nine to thirteen years residing in O’ahu,
Hawai’i (n = 93). Foods selected and leftover were estimated
using a three day mFR. Each leftover food was then classified as thrown
into the trash, fed to a pet, eaten later, or other (e.g., composted).
Repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) were conducted and
Tukey’s post-hoc test were used to adjust for multiple comparisons
between times (breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snack) on leftover food and
leftover food thrown into the trash. The percentage of food leftover
and thrown into the trash was highest at lunch. The percentage of
protein, grain, vegetables, fruit, and dairy leftover at lunch were
unexpectedly low compared to previous studies. The median for percentage
of food thrown into the trash at lunch was <5% for all food groups,
and was consistently low across the day (<10%). Average energy intake
was 436 kcal (±216) at lunch, and 80% of caregivers reported total
household income as ≥$70,000. Studies in real-time using technology over
full days may better quantify plate waste among adolescents
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Investigation of Fiber Reinforced Composite Using Multi-Material 3D Printing
Fiber reinforced composite materials have been commonly fabricated by laying and
curing the stiff and high strength fibers within tough matrix to enhance the elastic modulus.
The strength and elasticity of the fiber reinforced polymers are dependent on the intrinsic
mechanical properties of matrix and fiber, the fiber layup pattern as well as the volume
percentage of the matrix and fiber. In this paper, the effects of these factors on the 3D printed
fiber reinforced composite materials were investigated. The fiber reinforced polymers were
fabricated using multi-material inkjet printer with rubbery material as matrix and rigid strong
polymer as the fiber reinforcement. Two types of fiber layup configurations and fiber/matrix
volume ratios were designed for this study. The experimental result shows that both tensile
strength and elastic modulus of the fiber reinforced polymers could be largely enhanced by
varying the fiber/matrix ratio and layup pattern.Mechanical Engineerin
Motion Robust Magnetic Susceptibility and Field Inhomogeneity Estimation Using Regularized Image Restoration Techniques for fMRI
In functional MRI, head motion may cause dynamic nonlinear field-inhomogeneity changes, especially with large out-of-plane rotations. This may lead to dynamic geometric distortion or blurring in the time series, which may reduce activation detection accuracy. The use of image registration to estimate dynamic field inhomogeneity maps from a static field map is not sufficient in the presence of such rotations. This paper introduces a retrospective approach to estimate magnetic susceptibility induced field maps of an object in motion, given a static susceptibility induced field map and the associated object motion parameters. It estimates a susceptibility map from a static field map using regularized image restoration techniques, and applies rigid body motion to the former. The dynamic field map is then computed using susceptibility voxel convolution. The method addresses field map changes due to out-of-plane rotations during time series acquisition and does not involve real time field map acquisitions.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/85944/1/Fessler233.pd
Higgs Sector of the Minimal Left-Right Symmetric Model
We perform an exhaustive analysis of the most general Higgs sector of the
minimal left-right symmetric model (MLRM). We find that the CP properties of
the vacuum state are connected to the Higgs spectrum: if CP is broken
spontaneously, the MLRM does not approach the Standard Model in the limit of a
decoupling left-right symmetry breaking scale. Depending on the size of the CP
phases scenarios with extra non-decoupling flavor-violating doublet Higgses or
very light SU(2) triplet Higgses emerge, both of which are ruled out by
phenomenology. For zero CP phases the non-standard Higgses decouple only if a
very unnatural fine-tuning condition is fulfilled. We also discuss
generalizations to a non-minimal Higgs sector.Comment: brief discussion of non-minimal Higgs sectors added, journal versio
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