A note on the decay of aircraft trailing vortices

An elementary theory of aircraft trailing vortex decay is presented based on an assumed law for the variation of the mean eddy viscosity with distance from the wing. This law is based on the experimental data of Rose and Dee (1.963). The analysis gives results, as might be expected, in agreement with their data. The justification for the analysis must however be in doubt until more data are available covering a wide range of variables such as aircraft size, distance, incidence, etc

Structure of a rare non-standard sequence k-turn bound by L7Ae protein

Kt-23 from Thelohania solenopsae is a rare RNA kink turn (k-turn) where an adenine replaces the normal guanine at the 2n position. L7Ae is a member of a strongly conserved family of proteins that bind a range of k-turn structures in the ribosome, box C/D and H/ACA small nucleolar RNAs and U4 small nuclear RNA. We have solved the crystal structure of T. solenopsae Kt-23 RNA bound to Archeoglobus fulgidus L7Ae protein at a resolution of 2.95 Å. The protein binds in the major groove displayed on the outer face of the k-turn, in a manner similar to complexes with standard k-turn structures. The k-turn adopts a standard N3 class conformation, with a single hydrogen bond from A2b N6 to A2n N3. This contrasts with the structure of the same sequence located in the SAM-I riboswitch, where it adopts an N1 structure, showing the inherent plasticity of k-turn structure. This potentially can affect any tertiary interactions in which the RNA participates

Confined turbulent swirling recirculating flow predictions

The capability and the accuracy of the STARPIC computer code in predicting confined turbulent swirling recirculating flows is presented. Inlet flow boundary conditions were demonstrated to be extremely important in simulating a flowfield via numerical calculations. The degree of swirl strength and expansion ratio have strong effects on the characteristics of swirling flow. In a nonswirling flow, a large corner recirculation zone exists in the flowfield with an expansion ratio greater than one. However, as the degree of inlet swirl increases, the size of this zone decreases and a central recirculation zone appears near the inlet. Generally, the size of the central zone increased with swirl strength and expansion ratio. Neither the standard k-epsilon turbulence mode nor its previous extensions show effective capability for predicting confined turbulent swirling recirculating flows. However, either reduced optimum values of three parameters in the mode or the empirical C sub mu formulation obtained via careful analysis of available turbulence measurements, can provide more acceptable accuracy in the prediction of these swirling flows

Interactive LORAN-C to geographic and geographic-to-LORAN-C computation

The LORAN program is stored in CMS disk files for use by Avionics Engineering Center terminal users. A CMS EXEC file named LORAN controls program operation. The user types LORAN and the program then prompts for data input and produces output on the terminal. The FORTRAN program refers to a disk file of LORAN master data giving station locations, coding delays, repetition rate and station pair identification letters. For Geographic-to-LORAN conversion, no iterative computations are required; the program is a straightforward coordinate conversion based upon the techniques described by the Navy. For LORAN-to-Geographic conversion, the original Navy program required a dead-reckoned position, near the actual unknown fix, to begin computations. No iteration was performed to obtain the LORAN fix, but internal program errors occurred at execution time if the dead-reckoned fix were displaced from the actual fix by more than a few minutes of latitude or longitude. In order to enhance usefulness of the program for the terminal user, an iterative routine was added which allows a single dead-reckoned position to be entered from the master data file for each LORAN chain. The results compare exactly with the LORAN-C navigation chart, and provide adequate benchmark data for general aviation flight planning and data analysis

Precursor ion scanning for detection and structural characterization of heterogeneous glycopeptide mixtures

AbstractThe structure of N-linked glycans is determined by a complex, anabolic, intracellular pathway but the exact role of individual glycans is not always clear. Characterization of carbohydrates attached to glycoproteins is essential to aid understanding of this complex area of biology. Specific mass spectral detection of glycopeptides from protein digests may be achieved by on-line HPLC-MS, with selected ion monitoring (SIM) for diagnostic product ions generated by cone voltage fragmentation, or by precursor ion scanning for terminal saccharide product ions, which can yield the same information more rapidly. When glycosylation is heterogeneous, however, these approaches can result in spectra that are complex and poorly resolved. We have developed methodology, based around precursor ion scanning for ions of high m/z, that allows site specific detection and structural characterization of glycans at high sensitivity and resolution. These methods have been developed using the standard glycoprotein, fetuin, and subsequently applied to the analysis of the N-linked glycans attached to the scrapie-associated prion protein, PrPSc. These glycans are highly heterogeneous and over 30 structures have been identified and characterized site specifically. Product ion spectra have been obtained on many glycopeptides confirming structure assignments. The glycans are highly fucosylated and carry Lewis X or sialyl Lewis X epitopes and the structures are in-line with previous results. [Abbreviations: Hex–Hexose, C6H12O6 carbohydrates, including mannnose and galactose; HexNAc—N-acetylhexosamine, C8H15NO6 carbohydrates, including N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine; GlcNAc—N-acetylglucosamine; GalNAc—N-acetylgalactosamine; Fuc–Fucose; NeuAC—N-acetylneuraminic acid or sialic acid; TSE—Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy.

The k-junction motif in RNA structure

The k-junction is a structural motif in RNA comprising a three-way helical junction based upon kink turn (k-turn) architecture. A computer program written to examine relative helical orientation identified the three-way junction of the Arabidopsis TPP riboswitch as an elaborated k-turn. The Escherichia coli TPP riboswitch contains a related k-junction, and analysis of >11 000 sequences shows that the structure is common to these riboswitches. The k-junction exhibits all the key features of an N1-class k-turn, including the standard cross-strand hydrogen bonds. The third helix of the junction is coaxially aligned with the C (canonical) helix, while the k-turn loop forms the turn into the NC (non-canonical) helix. Analysis of ligand binding by ITC and global folding by gel electrophoresis demonstrates the importance of the k-turn nucleotides. Clearly the basic elements of k-turn structure are structurally well suited to generate a three-way helical junction, retaining all the key features and interactions of the k-turn

A simplified theory of skin friction and heat transfer for a compressible laminar boundary layer

The compressible laminar boundary layer equations for a perfect gas in steady flow at arbitrary external Mach number and wall temperature distribution are solved approximately by the combined use of the Stewartson- Illingworth transformation and application of Lighthill's method to yield the shin friction and rate of heat transfer. Appendices are added which give the necessary modifications to the method for the separate cases of very low Prandtl number and for the flow near a separation point. A further appendix describes Spalding's method for improving the accuracy of the wall value of shear stress and rate of heat transfer distributions along a wall having a non-uniform temperature distribution

On surface pressure fluctuations in turbulent boundary layers

Existing work on the pressure fluctuations in turbulent shear flaws is briefly reviewed with special reference to the problem of wall turbulence. An approximate theory for the pressure fluctuations on the wall under both a turbulent boundary layer and a wall jet is given and indicates in the latter case an intensity many times that corresponding to the flow over a flat plate at zero pressure gradient, as typified by measurements on the wall of a wind tunnel. Experiments on a wall jet confirm these predictions and details of the few preliminary data are presented. The results from the wall jet suggest that the intensity of the pressure fluctuations in the regions of adverse pressure gradient, on wings and bodies approaching and beyond separation will be higher than in regions of zero pressure gradient. Appendices are included which deal with the necessary extensions to the analysis to fit the velocity correlation functions as measured by Grant (1958), the effects of time delay and eddy convection

A Gesture of Solidarity Through Music : Local and International Community in Canadian Benefit Concerts for Ukraine

In the months following Russia\u27s February 24, 2022 invasion of Ukraine, the Canadian music community responded by hosting a number of benefit concerts. In contrast to the precedents set by well-known, large-scale benefit concerts such as 1985\u27s Live Aid , these concerts were strongly rooted in the local context of the events\u27 hosts and centred the voices and experiences of members of their beneficiary community. Combined with the potential of these events to allow individuals and groups to combat feelings of helplessness and to serve as forms of resistance against the Russian regime, this has allowed these concerts to create and strengthen links between local and broader international communities

Wall pressure fluctuations under turbulent boundary layers at subsonic and supersonic speeds

The problem of pressure fluctuations at a rigid wall under a turbulent boundary layer has attracted much attention in the past decade. At low Mach numbers the theory is well established from the work of Kraichnan and Lilley, and reasonable agreement is obtained with the experiments of Willmarth, Hodgson and others. At high Mach numbers, measurements exist due to the work of Kistler and Chen but so far no theory is available, apart from that due to Phillips, which is however related to the noise radiated from supersonic turbulent shear flows. The present paper reviews the theory of wall pressure fluctuations in incompressible flow, and shows how the character of the pressure fluctuations changes in passing from the flow to the wall. Attention is drawn to the more important interactions giving rise to the pressure fluctuations, as well as to the region of the boundary layer mainly responsible for the wall pressure fluctuations … [cont.]