Criminal and Noncriminal Psychopathy: The Devil is in the Detail

Brooks, NS ORCiD: 0000-0003-1784-099XPsychopathy is prevalent and problematic in criminal populations, but is also found to be present in noncriminal populations. In 1992, Robert Hare declared that psychopaths may also “be found in the boardroom”, which has since been followed by an interest in the issue of noncriminal, or even successful, psychopathy. In this chapter, the paradox of criminal and noncriminal psychopathy is discussed with specific attention given to the similarities and differences that account for psychopathic personality across contexts. That psychopathy is a condition typified by a constellation of traits and behaviours requires wider research across diverse populations, and thus the streams of research related to criminal and noncriminal psychopathy are presented and the implications of these contrasting streams are explored

A short educational intervention diminishes causal illusions and specific paranormal beliefs in undergraduates

Cognitive biases such as causal illusions have been related to paranormal and pseudoscientific beliefs and, thus, pose a real threat to the development of adequate critical thinking abilities. We aimed to reduce causal illusions in undergraduates by means of an educational intervention combining training-in-bias and training-in-rules techniques. First, participants directly experienced situations that tend to induce the Barnum effect and the confirmation bias. Thereafter, these effects were explained and examples of their influence over everyday life were provided. Compared to a control group, participants who received the intervention showed diminished causal illusions in a contingency learning task and a decrease in the precognition dimension of a paranormal belief scale. Overall, results suggest that evidence-based educational interventions like the one presented here could be used to significantly improve critical thinking skills in our students

Gender differences in health care use among the elderly population in areas of Norway and Finland. A cross-sectional analysis based on the HUNT study and the FINRISK Senior Survey

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to examine gender differences in the self-reported use of health care services by the elderly in rural and metropolitan areas of two Nordic countries with slightly different health care systems: Finland and Norway. METHODS: Population based, cross-sectional surveys conducted in Nord-Tröndelag Norway (1995–97) and in rural and metropolitan areas of Finland (1997) were employed. In the Norwegian data, a total of 7,919 individuals, aged 65–74 years old were included, and the Finnish data included 1,500 individuals. The outcome variables comprised whether participants had visited a general practitioner or a specialist, or had received hospital care or physiotherapy during the past 12 months. Gender differences in the use of health care services were analysed by multiple logistic regression, controlling for health status and socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS: In Norway, elderly women visited a specialist or were hospitalised less often than men. In Finland, elderly women used all health care services except hospital care more often than men. In Norway, less frequent use of specialist care by women was not associated with self-reported health or chronic diseases. CONCLUSION: The findings revealed differences in self-reported use of secondary care among different genders in areas of Norway and Finland

Resiliência na área da Enfermagem em Oncologia Resiliencia en el área de Enfermería en Oncologia Resilience and oncology nursing

Este estudo objetivou mapear a produção científica, nacional e internacional, sobre a resiliência na Enfermagem em Oncologia e discutir sua aplicabilidade na assistência. Resiliência origina-se do latim resiliens e significa saltar para trás, voltar, ser impelido, recuar, encolher-se, romper. Trata-se de revisão sistemática sem meta análise nas bases de dados Public Medical (PubMed), Literatura Internacional em Ciências da Saúde (Medline), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e Base de Dados de Enfermagem (BDENF) e nos sites da Oncology Nursing Society e da International Society of Nurses in Cancer Care. Os descritores foram: resilience e nursing; resilience, cancer e oncology; resilience, nursing, cancer e oncology; resiliência e enfermagem; resiliência, câncer e oncologia; resiliência, enfermagem, câncer e oncologia. Foram encontrados 116 artigos e selecionados cinco artigos que abordam a resiliência vinculada à Enfermagem em Oncologia. Verifica-se uma lacuna na utilização do conceito na Enfermagem em Oncologia na América Latina, e incipiência nas produções internacionais. Há necessidade do incremento da abordagem da resiliência nessa área e ampliação da discussão na temática.<br>En este estudio se tuvo como objetivo listar la producción científica nacional e internacional, sobre la resiliencia en el área de Enfermería en Oncología y discutir su aplicabilidad en la asistencia. La resiliencia se origina del latin resiliens y significa saltar hacia atrás, volver, ser impelido, retroceder, encogerse, romper. Se trata de una revisión sistemática sin meta análisis realizada en las bases de datos Public Medical (PubMed), Literatura Internacional en Ciencias de la Salud (Medline), Literatura Latino-Americana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS) y Base de Datos de Enfermería (BDENF) y en los sites de la Oncology Nursing Society y de la International Society of Nurses in Cancer Care. Los descriptores fueron: resilience y nursing; resilience, cancer e oncology; resilience, nursing, cancer y oncology; resiliencia y enfermería; resiliencia, cáncer y oncología; resiliencia, enfermería, cáncer y oncología. Fueron encontrados 116 artículos y seleccionados cinco artículos que abordaban la resiliencia vinculada a la Enfermería en Oncología. Se verifica una laguna en la utilización del concepto en la enfermería en oncología en América Latina, e incipiencia en las producciones internacionales. Hay necesidad de incremento del abordaje de la resiliencia en esa área así como la ampliación de la discusión en la temática.<br>The objectives of this study were to synthesize the national and international scientific publications on resilience and oncology nursing and to discuss the application of resilience in nursing practice. Resilience has its origin in the Latin "resilience" meaning recover from or adjust to, change, to be pushed back, recover its size and shape, and to break. A systematic literature review was conducted in the PubMed (Public Medical), MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online), LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature), BDENF (Base de Dados de Enfermagem "Nursing Database"), and the web sites of the Oncology Nursing Society and the International Society of Nurses in Cancer Care. Key words in English and in Portuguese included "Resilience AND Nursing," "Resilience AND Cancer AND Oncology," "Resilience AND Nursing AND Cancer AND Oncology." From the 116 publications retrieved, only 5 publications were on oncology nursing. There was a gap in the use of the concept of resilience in oncology nursing in Latin American publications. In addition, the study and use of the concept resilience in the international publications continue in incipient phase. Thus, there is a need for discussions regarding the use of resilience in oncology nursing