Effect of sage and garlic addition on lipid oxidation in chicken meat

Orientador: Neura BragagnoloTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de AlimentosResumo: A carne de frango é um alimento altamente suscetível à oxidação lipídica em função do alto teor de ácidos graxos insaturados na sua composição. A formação de óxidos de colesterol e as alterações na composição de ácidos graxos, e a consequente formação de compostos voláteis provenientes da oxidação lipídica, possuem um papel de destaque dentre os fatores que causam perda de qualidade e das características nutricionais durante o processamento e o armazenamento da carne de frango. A adição de antioxidantes é uma das alternativas utilizadas para minimizar a formação destes compostos indesejados. A otimização dos parâmetros utilizados para extração e saponificação de carne de frango para determinação simultânea de colesterol e óxidos de colesterol foi realizada através de planejamentos experimentais sequenciais, visando obter resultados confiáveis e reprodutíveis, além de minimizar o consumo de reagentes e o tempo de análise. A metodologia foi validada para linearidade, recuperação, repetibilidade e limites de detecção e de quantificação. Amostras de peito de frango cru, frito, cozido e assado em forno comum e elétrico giratório foram analisadas para aplicação da metodologia validada. A formação de hexanal, pentanal e malonaldeído em hambúrgueres de frango cru e grelhado durante o armazenamento a -18 ºC por 90 dias foi avaliada por microextração em fase sólida (SPME) no headspace, utilizando fibras DVB/CAR/PDMS, e cromatografia gasosa. As condições de extração foram otimizadas para obtenção de resultados reprodutíveis e evitar a saturação da fibra, mesmo para as amostras mais oxidadas. O desempenho de diferentes fibras de DVB/CAR/PDMS foi verificado durante a estocagem e o coeficiente de variação (CV) foi calculado para 60 determinações em duplicata. Não foram observadas diferenças (p0.05) were observed among the RSD of the fibers regardless the number of times they were used. The raw samples presented significant (p<0.05) Pearson correlations between all analysed parameters, varying from 0.93 to 0.99; however, for the grilled samples, only the a correlation of 0.98 hexanal and pentanal was significant. Fifty one Cobb chicken were raised and controled fed specially for the development of this research project. The chicken filets were minced after the remotion of skin and apparent fat tissue, and dried sage, dried garlic and salt were added to the meat. Sixty grams patties were molded and half was grilled at 170oC, for 4 minutes each side, untill core tempertaure reached 70oC. Raw and grilled patties were packed in polyethylene bags permeable to oxygen, and stored in the dark at -18oC during 90 days. The addition of sage to the chicken meat proved to be an efficient way to minimize and delay lipid and cholesterol oxidation, sage was also able to partially counteract the pro oxidative effects of salt addition. On the other hand, garlic addition presented variable results according to the applied methodology, confirming the controversial results found in literature for garlic action in meat, and suggesting that garlic has no antioxidant effect this matrix. Frozen chicken filets were acquired from industry (Rose Poultry, Denmark). After thawing and removing the connective and adipose tissues, the meat was minced. Dried sage, dried garlic and the mixture of both spices were added to the minced meat and 30 g meat balls were formed, vacuum packed in polyethylene bags, and immediately submmited to high pressure treatment. Sage was able to control lipid oxidation in minced chicken meat submitted to high pressure during subsequent storage at 4ºC for 2 weeks, while garlic showed pro oxidative effect, which was minimized by the simultaneous addition of sage. From the analysis of the rate of development of lipid oxidation, measured as TBARS, the apparent volume of activation for pressure-induced lipid oxidation was estimated, showing that the pro oxidative effect of garlic and pressure were additive. The mechanisms involved in sage and garlic action on lipid oxidation were studied by the evaluation of pressure effect on free radical formation in a chicken meat model system by electron spin ressonance spectroscopy (ESR), indicating that the high capacity of sage to scavenge free radicals in the lipid phase is the main mecanism behind the protective effect of sageDoutoradoDoutor em Ciência de Alimento

Solanum sessiliflorum (mana-cubiu) antioxidant protective effect towards cholesterol oxidation: influence of docosahexaenoic acid

Harmful health effects have been attributed to cholesterol oxidation products (COPs). Factors that modulate their formation in foods are light, oxygen, heat, and food matrix (such as antioxidants content or unsaturation degree of lipids), among others. The objective of this work was to assess the effectiveness of an extract obtained from Solanum sessiliflorum (mana‐cubiu) (MCE) as a potential inhibitor of cholesterol oxidation under heating conditions. The influence of free DHA presence in the system was also evaluated. Results showed that MCE inhibited cholesterol degradation (44 vs. 18% without and with MCE, respectively) and reduced ninefold COPs formation in the absence of DHA. However, when DHA was present, the MCE was not effective toward cholesterol oxidation. In this case, MCE showed its antioxidant effect protecting DHA from degradation (89 vs. 64%)

Aflatoxins in tomato products : evaluation of analytical methodology and occurrence

Orientador : Lucia Maria Valente SoaresDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de AlimentosResumo: Um recente relato da presença de Aspergillus flavus e Aspergillus parasiticus em polpa de tomate industrializada brasileira motivou preocupações quanto a possível presença de micotoxinas em produtos de tomate nacionais. Aspergillus fIavus e Aspergillus parasiticus são conhecidos produtores de aflatoxinas, uma família de toxinas com propriedades hepatotóxicas, mutagênicas, teratogênicas e carcinogênicas. No presente trabalho foi adaptado e avaliado um método para determinação de aflatoxinas em produtos de tomate por cromatografia de camada delgada com detecção por comparação visual com padrões. Para verificar a possível contaminação de produtos de tomate comercializados com aflatoxinas foram analisadas 63 amostras de produtos de tomate (polpa, extrato, purê, catchup, tomate desidratado e tomate seco conservado em óleo) provenientes de 5 Estados e uma do exterior, compreendendo 29 marcas. A avaliação do método para determinação das aflatoxinas em produtos de tomate resultou em uma recuperação médía de 86%, para as quatro aflatoxinas, em dois níveis de adição. Os limites de detecção para as aflatoxinas B1, B2, G1 e G2 variaram entre 2 e 7 mg/Kg dependendo do tipo de produto. As aflatoxinas não foram detectadas em nenhuma das amostras analisadasAbstract: A recent report on the presence of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in tomato pulp from a Brazilian plant caused concern about the possible presence of mycotoxins in tomato products from local plants. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus are known producers of aflatoxins, a group of toxins with hepatotoxic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic properties. In the present work a thin layer chromatographic method with visual detection for the determination of aflatoxins in tomato products was adapted and evaluated. In order to verify a possible contamination of tomato products with aflatoxins, 63 samples of tomato products (pulp, paste, purée, catsup, dehydrated tomato and dried tomatoes in oil preserve) from 5 states and one from abroad, totaling 29 brands, were analyzed. The method evaluation showed an average recovery of 86%, for all four aflatoxins, at two levels of addition. The detection limits for the aflatoxins 81, 82, G1 e G2 ranged from 2 and 7 mg/Kg depending on the type of product. Aflatoxins were not detected in any of the samples analyzed.MestradoMestre em Ciência de Alimento

Survey of aflatoxins in tomato products Aflatoxinas em produtos de tomate

Tomatoes are highly susceptible to fungi contamination in the field, during transportation, processing, and storage. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus have been isolated from tomatoes and tomato products, and both fungi species can produce aflatoxin, mycotoxin with hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects on all animal species tested so far. In order to verify a possible aflatoxin contamination of tomato products commercialized in Brazil, 63 samples of tomato products (pulp, paste, purée, ketchup, dehydrated tomatoes, and dried tomatoes preserved in oil) produced in 5 Brazilian states and 1 imported sample (ketchup), totalizing 29 brands, were analyzed by thin layer chromatography. The analytical method showed an average recovery of 86% for all aflatoxins at two spiking levels. The limits of detection for the aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 varied with the type of the product ranging from 2 to 7 µg/kg. Aflatoxins were not detected in any evaluated sample indicating that they did not pose a risk to human health since there was no invasion of raw materials by toxigenic fungi or no conditions for toxin production.<br>Os tomates são frutos altamente susceptíveis à contaminação fúngica tanto no campo como durante o transporte, processamento e armazenamento. Aspergillus flavus e Aspergillus parasiticus têm sido isolados em tomate e em produtos de tomate e ambas as espécies são produtoras de aflatoxinas, potentes micotoxinas que apresentam efeitos hepatotóxicos, carcinogênicos, teratogênicos e mutagênicos para todas as espécies animais testadas até o momento. Para verificar a possível contaminação por estas micotoxinas em produtos de tomate comercializados no Brasil, amostras de 63 produtos de tomate (polpa, pasta, purê, catchup, tomate desidratado e tomate seco conservado em óleo) provenientes de 5 Estados brasileiros e uma do exterior (catchup), compreendendo a 29 marcas, foram analisadas por cromatografia em camada delgada. A avaliação do método para determinação das aflatoxinas em produtos de tomate resultou em uma recuperação média de 86%, para as quatro aflatoxinas, em dois níveis de adição. Os limites de detecção para as aflatoxinas B1, B2, G1 e G2 variaram de 2 a 7 µg/kg, dependendo do tipo de produto. As aflatoxinas não foram detectadas em nenhuma das amostras avaliadas, indicando que não apresentavam risco à saúde humana, seja por ausência de invasão por fungos toxigênicos ou por falta de condições para produção das toxinas

Marigold carotenoids : much more than lutein esters

Carotenoids constitute a large group of lipophilic pigments whose health-promoting benefits have been widely recognized. Hydroxy-containing carotenoids can be found in both free form or esterified with fatty acids in several plant matrices, but the native carotenoid profile is overall poorly explored due to the difficulty of analyzing carotenoid esters. One of the main natural sources of carotenoids is the marigold flower, which has been extensively used by the industry for the production of food colorants or supplements, both often manufactured with no saponification process. Although lutein esters are well established as the major compounds naturally found in marigold petals and their products, carotenoid esters other than the lutein ones have not been extensively examined. We carried out a comprehensive identification of carotenoids and carotenoid esters from marigold petals by LC-DAD-(APCI + )MS/MS. Whereas 18 carotenoids were identified in the saponified extract, 56 were identified when no saponification procedure was carried out: 6 free carotenoids, 20 monoesters and 30 diesters. This is the first time that esters of zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, auroxanthin, zeinoxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin are identified in marigold. The structural information obtained through characteristic fragmentation patterns and diagnostic fragments in MS and MS/MS spectra (APCI+) sustained the differentiation between carotenoid esters with similar characteristics. Therefore, the separation of carotenoids by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using C-30 columns in combination with DAD and APCI-MS/MS detection allowed high sensitivity and selectivity for carotenoid ester analysis119653664CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP455748/2014-42013/23218-1; 2015/15238-8The authors acknowledge the financial support of FAPESP (grants #2013/23218-1 and #2015/15238-8), CNPq (455748/2014-4) and FAEPEX-Unicamp (2084/17

Solanum sessiliflorum (mana‐cubiu) antioxidant protective effect toward cholesterol oxidation: Influence of docosahexaenoic acid

Harmful health effects have been attributed to cholesterol oxidation products (COPs). Factors that modulate their formation in foods are light, oxygen, heat, and food matrix (such as antioxidants content or unsaturation degree of lipids), among others. The objective of this work was to assess the effectiveness of an extract obtained from Solanum sessiliflorum (mana‐cubiu) (MCE) as a potential inhibitor of cholesterol oxidation under heating conditions. The influence of free DHA presence in the system was also evaluated. Results showed that MCE inhibited cholesterol degradation (44 vs. 18% without and with MCE, respectively) and reduced ninefold COPs formation in the absence of DHA. However, when DHA was present, the MCE was not effective toward cholesterol oxidation. In this case, MCE showed its antioxidant effect protecting DHA from degradation (89 vs. 64%). Practical applications: Antioxidant properties of this solvent free natural extract make MCE a potential good ingredient in food products containing highly polyunsaturated lipids to protect them from oxidation and in food products lacking polyunsaturated lipids to protect cholesterol from oxidation118811251131CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPnão tem2013/06489-1We are grateful to the PIUNA (Plan de Investigacion de la Universidad de Navarra) and Ministerio de Economıa y Competitividad (AGL2014-52636-P) for their contribution to the financial support of this work. B. Barriuso acknowledges Banco Santander and Asociacion de Amigos de la Universidad de Navarra for the grants received. We are grateful to “Red deExcelencia Consolider” PROCARSE (AGL2014-51742-REDC). N. Bragagnolo thanks FAPESP (grant # 2013/06489-1) and CNPq for financial suppor

Development of an analytical method for cholesterol determination in feed for ruminants using factorial experimental design

A chromatographic method was developed for cholesterol determination in feed for ruminants using response surface methodology. Among the five approaches of sample preparation methods tested, the saponification of the sample without heating presented less interference in the gas chromatography. The method presented a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 4.3%, recoveries between 84 and 87% and detection limit of 0.001 mg of cholesterol per g of feed31614221426CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPSem informaçãoSem informaçãoSem informaçã

Development of an analytical method for cholesterol determination in feed for ruminants using factorial experimental design

FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOCAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIORA chromatographic method was developed for cholesterol determination in feed for ruminants using response surface methodology. Among the five approaches of sample preparation methods tested, the saponification of the sample without heating presented less interference in the gas chromatography. The method presented a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 4.3%, recoveries between 84 and 87% and detection limit of 0.001 mg of cholesterol per g of feed.31614221426FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOCAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIORFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOCAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIORA chromatographic method was developed for cholesterol determination in feed for ruminants using response surface methodology. Among the five approaches of sample preparation methods tested, the saponification of the sample without heating presented less interference in the gas chromatography. The method presented a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 4.3%, recoveries between 84 and 87% and detection limit of 0.001 mg of cholesterol per g of fee

Effect of annatto seed and coriander leaves as natural antioxidants in fish meatballs during frozen storage

The effects of annatto (0.1 g/100g) and coriander (0.5 g/100g) were assessed against lipid oxidation in white hake meatballs cooked in boiling water (95 ± 1 °C) for 30 min and stored at −18 °C for 120 d. The fatty acids (FA) and the nutritional quality, cholesterol, cholesterol oxides, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values, and conjugated dienes were analyzed to follow the course of oxidation. Annatto and coriander were efficient in the control of lipid oxidation, also preserving the essential FA. At 120 d of storage, the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) concentration decreased respectively by 43%, 32%, 12%, and 9% in the control, coriander, annatto, and annatto + coriander patties. For docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), these concentrations decreased, respectively, 44%, 30%, 11%, and 7%, revealing a probable synergistic effect among the antioxidant compounds present in both spices. On the other hand, annatto and coriander were not able to act protecting the meatballs against lipid oxidation when they were cooked, also not exerted any effect in the cholesterol oxidation766C838C845CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPSem informaçãoSem informaçã