Is the level of financial sector development a key determinant of private investment in the power sector ?

This paper seeks to assess the extent to which a country's overall level of development and that of its financial sector, in particular, are factors that attract private capital into infrastructure projects. The authors investigate these effects in a 1990-2007 dataset on the power sector in 37developing countries. The results suggest that economic growth is a key determinant of private investors'investment in infrastructure projects, and that investors tend to take countries’ governance quality into account in their decisions to invest. The empirical results highlight that the development of the financial sector also plays a significant role in private investors'decisions to enter infrastructure sectors. In particular, the degree of country risk and exchange rate volatility is found to be negatively related to the volume of private sector investment in power projects. Furthermore, when the banking sector and the capital market are separately treated in the analysis, the existence of a well functioning capital market is the main attracting factor. In addition, the existence of an independent energy regulatory authority significantly improves the level of private investors'implication in energy projects. When accounting for the interactions between the overall economic development and the financial sector development variables, the effects of these variables are still significant and the results also confirm the importance of an independent energy sector regulator.Emerging Markets,Debt Markets,Economic Theory&Research,Access to Finance,Private Participation in Infrastructure

To what extent do infrastructure and financial sectors reforms interplay? Evidence from panel data on the power sector in developing countries

The main goal of this study is to demonstrate the existence of a significant empirical link between infrastructure and financial sectors reforms the effects of which are reflected in infrastructure sectors performance. This paper reports on the findings of an exploration of this issue for the case of the power sector in developing countries. We estimate the impact of the four main components of the power sector reform in these countries, namely, the creation of an independent regulatory agency, the unbundling of generation, transmission, and distribution, the introduction of competition and the implementation of privatization programs in the generation and distribution segments, on some of this sector’s performance outcomes, and attempt to assess the contribution of the domestic financial systems’ reforms to these outcomes. In a dataset on 42 developing countries covering the 1990-2005 period, we find that private participation in generation and distribution has significantly improved power supply as reflected in higher electricity generation per capita and technical and labor efficiency in the distribution segment. The unbundling of generation, transmission, and distribution has contributed to improving productive efficiency through a better use of the labor factor in the distribution segment. We find that the creation of a separate regulatory agency has boosted the generation segment in terms of both capacity and sales and has generated better incentives for a more efficient use of labor input in the distribution segment. We also find that regulatory experience has significantly contributed to improving access to electricity. The results suggest that while the power sector, in particular, its generation segment, has significantly benefited from the introduction of independent regulation, the beneficial effects of (good) regulatory practices have been exacerbated by the modernization of the financial systems. More specifically, improved financial systems have eased access to capital for operators allowing them to upgrade their networks and decrease power losses in distribution. The overall results obtained in this paper strongly recommend that along with reforming the power sector, policy makers in developing countries should implement the financial reforms that would deepen their domestic financial systems thus allowing them to recover the full benefits of these systems’ positive externalities on the performance of the sector.Developing countries, electricity industry performance, privatization, regulation, unbundling, competition, financial sector development

HUBUNGAN KOMUNIKASI PEMASARAN DALAM MENINGKATKAN MINAT KONSUMEN PECI MAHKOTA PRIA BANDUNG

Penelitian ini berjudul “Hubungan Komunikasi Pemasaran Dalam Meningkatkan Minat Konsumen Peci Mahkota Pria Bandung”. Kegiatan komunikasi pemasaran merupakan salah satu bentuk dari kinerja seorang Public Relations dalam sebuah perusahaan, dimana dalam kegiatan komunikasi pemasaran bertujuan untuk memperkenalkan serta mengkomunikasikan suatu produk maupun jasa kepada masyarakat. Tujuan dari informasi dan promosi yang dilakukan adalah agar konsumen maupun pelanggan mengetahui dan berniat untuk membeli dan tetap membeli produk yang ditawarkan suatu perusahaan. Tujuan dilaksanakannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan, menganalisa data dan mendapatkan informasi-informasi mengenai kegiatan komunikasi pemasaran dalam meningkatkan minat konsumen Peci Mahkota Pria Bandung. Serta untuk menambah dan memperdalam pengetahuan peneliti baik secara teori maupun aplikasinya, dan untuk mengetahui usaha – usaha yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi hambatan – hambatan tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif dengan tujuan mengetahui hubungan komunikasi pemasaran dalam meningkatkan minat konsumen Peci Mahkota Pria. Sedangkan teknik pengumpulan datanya adalah studi kepustakaan, observasi, wawancara dan penyebaran angket. Teknik sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik sampling non probabilitas, yaitu penarikan sampel yang dilakukan berdasarkan subjektivitas peneliti, bukan perhitungan “hukum kebetulan” teknik sample yang ditujukan kepada responden atau siapa saja yang secara kebetulan/insidental bertemu dengan peneliti dapat digunakan sebagai sampel, bila dipandang orang yang kebetulan ditemui itu cocok sebagai sumber data yaitu orang yang sering berberlanja di Peci Mahkota Pria atau disebut dengan pelanggan sebanyak 50 responden. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dan pembahasan maka diperoleh bahwa hubungan komunikasi pemasaran dalam meningkatkan minat konsumen Peci Mahkota Pria mempunyai fungsi yang sangat penting, tentunya dalam meningkatkan minat konsumen. dan promo Peci Mahkota Pria masih kurang optimal dalam penyebarannya. Hal – hal yang ingin peneliti rekomendasikan sebagai bahan masukan bagi Perusahaan Peci Mahkota Pria Bandung untuk memanfaatkan semaksimal mungkin media komunikasi baik media sosial guna menjangkau segala segmen konsumen dan pelanggan sehingga perusahaan mampu bersaing dengan perusahaan produk sejenis yang pada saat ini sedang menjamur di tengah masyarakat

ANALISIS PENGARUH E-COMMERCE TERHADAP KEPUASAN KONSUMEN (Studi kasus pada pengunjung Hotel Sukabumi Indah yang menggunakan Reservasi Online)

Internet development has rapidly increased in Indonesia from year to year. It has been finally a new trend society that has been more e-commerce user. The total e-commerce user that has been more e-commerce user. The total e-commerce user that increases has become an opportunity as a promosing business and has used to market in the Trade and service Company. E-commerce user has increased but it has not been all ecommerce user satisfy with transaction that has been done through e-commerce. One of them is unappropriated customer hope of e-commerce user. The case study in this research is on the visitors in Hotel Sukabumi indah using online reservation. The research aims to know the influence of e-commerce toward customer satisfaction by four dimensions, there is : Communication, Business, Service, and Online toward customer satisfaction to visitor of Hotel Sukabumi Indah which uses online reservation. The research applied 83 sample respondents, there was : visitor of Hotel Sukabumi Indah who applied online reservation. Analysis technique applied path analysis. Based on research result, it is found direct influence X1 toward Y as much as 4.1% meanwhile indirect influence through X2 as much as -0.1%, indirect influence throught X3 as much as -1.3%, indirect influence throught X4 as much as -3.1%. Direct influence X2 toward Y as much as 1.2%, meanwhile indirect influence through X3 as much as 0.3%, indirect influence throught X4 as much as 0.8%. Direct influence X3 toward Y as much as 1.1%, meanwhile indirect influence throught X4 as much as 0.8% direct influence X4 toward Y as as much as 5.4%. it can be concluded that is no influence dimension toward customer satisfaction

Presidential election in Turkey: a wide range of intricate challenges ahead of the next president

On 10 August 2014, Turkey will hold the first round of presidential election which are of specific importance, as its results will shape the country’s both domestic politics and external relations. This paper discusses the key challenges which Turkey’s next president must undertake. The domestic challenges range from revision of Constitution, Kurdish peace process and economic growth to polarization of society, freedom of judiciary, separation of powers and civil liberties. In the external relations area, the principal challenges are the worsening of country’s relations with its neighbours, security threats and the stalemate of the EU integration. Several domestic and external challenges are inter-related: for instance, the freedom of judiciary, separation of powers and civil liberties affect the EU integration process; the political uncertainty relates to economic growth and foreign investments; the Kurdish peace process impacts on the external security issues; the economic factors influence the relations with the Kurdistan Regional Government and Iraq’s central government; the Syrian crisis raises new challenges with regard to the Syrian refugees in Turkey. Therefore, addressing Turkey’s current domestic and external challenges will be a long, puzzling and often conflicting-results process

PENGETAHUAN AKSEPTOR KONTRASEPSI ALAMIAH TENTANG MASA SUBUR DI RT 05 RW II DESA SRUNI, GEDANGAN-SIDOARJO

Kontrasepsi alamiah merupakan alternatif yang diambil oleh pasangan usia subur yang tidak ingin menggunakan kontrasepsi hormonal atau alat kontrasepsi lainnya. Akseptor kontrasepsi alamiah harus mampu menentukan masa suburnya sendiri. Kenyataannya masih banyak pengguna kontrasepsi alamiah tidak memahami tentang masa subur dan cara menentukannya. Hal ini mengakibatkan kegagalan kontrasepsi, sehingga menyebabkan kehamilan tidak diiinginkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengetahuan akseptor kontrasepsi alamiah di RT 05 RW II Desa Sruni, Gedangan Sidoarjo. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian deskriptif, dengan populasi semua pengguna kontrasepsi alamiah yang tinggal di RT 05 RW II Desa Sruni, Gedangan Sidoarjo sebesar 20 orang. Besar sampel sebanyak 20 responden diambil dengan teknik non probability sampling jenis total sampling. Variabel dalam penelitian ini adalah tingkat pengetahuan ibu tentang masa subur, dan pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 20 responden didapatkan sebanyak 45% memiliki pengetahuan yang kurang, 30% memiliki pengetahuan cukup, dan sisanya 25% memiliki pengetahuan baik. Simpulkan dari penelitian ini adalah hampir setengah dari ibu pengguna kontrasepsi alamiah memiliki pengetahuan yang kurang. Diharapkanibu lebih aktif mengikuti penyuluhan dan mencari informasi tentang masa subur guna meningkatkan pengetahuannya. Selain itu, tenaga kesehatan diharapkan melakukan evaluasi mengenai cara penggunaan kontrasepsi alamiah

Is the level of financial sector development a key determinant of private investment in the power sector?

TThis paper seeks to assess the extent to which a country’s overall level of development and that of its financial sector, in particular, are factors that attract private capital into infrastructure projects. The authors investigate these effects in a 1990–2007 dataset on the power sector in 37 developing countries. The results suggest that economic growth is a key determinant of private investors’ investment in infrastructure projects, and that investors tend to take countries’ governance quality into account in their decisions to invest. The empirical results highlight that the development of the financial sector also plays a significant role in private investors’ decisions to enter infrastructure sectors. In particular, the degree of country risk and exchange rate volatility is found to be negatively This paper—a product of the Sustainable Development Department, Middle East and North Africa Region—is part of a larger effort in the department to promote infrastructure development in client countries through applied research targeting cutting-edge policy, regulatory and infrastructure finance issues. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://econ.worldbank.org. The author may be contacted at [email protected]. related to the volume of private sector investment in power projects. Furthermore, when the banking sector and the capital market are separately treated in the analysis, the existence of a well functioning capital market is the main attracting factor. In addition, the existence of an independent energy regulatory authority significantly improves the level of private investors’ implication in energy projects. When accounting for the interactions between the overall economic development and the financial sector development variables, the effects of these variables are still significant and the results also confirm the importance of an independent energy sector regulator.Infrastructure sectors, Public-private partnership, Power sector, Financial development, Economic growth