Use of Ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate in Codling Moth Management: Kairomone Species Specificity

Ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) is a kairomonal attractant for both male and female codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), in apple, pear and walnut. Studies were conducted in the western Untied States to evaluate the potential attractiveness of this kairomone for eight lepidopteran pests of these three crops, as well as, in cherry, peach/nectarine, apricot, plum, almond, pistachio, grape, kiwi, and citrus. The pear ester was loaded (10.0 mg) into gray halobutyl septa and insects were monitored with diamond- or delta-shaped sticky traps. Lures were not attractive to peach twig borer, Anarsia lineatella (Zeller); oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta (Busck); omnivorous leafroller, Platynota stultana Walshingham; navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker); apple fruitworm, Lacanobia subjuncta (Grote & Robinson); pandemis leafroller, Pandemis pyrusana (Kearfott); obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris); and western tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter mespiella (Hüebner). Additional studies with C. molesta populations attacking apple and pear would be useful

Use of Ethyl and Propyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoates in Codling Moth Management: Improved Monitoring in Bartlett Pear with High Dose Lures

The propyl and ethyl esters of (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoic acid were evaluated in gray halobutyl septa as kairomone lures for both sexes of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.). All studies were conducted in 'Bartlett' pear orchards with moderate to high codling moth adult population densities and treated with sex pheromone dispensers for mating disruption. Variable results were obtained with kairomone loading experiments. Increasing the lure loading to 40.0 mg of either the ethyl or propyl ester significantly increased male and total moth catch in separate experiments. However, in other tests with the ethyl ester no difference was found in total moth catch in traps baited with 0.1, 1.0, 3.0 or 10.0 mg versus 40.0 mg lures. The 40.0 mg ethyl and propyl ester lures were both more effective than a 3.0 mg ethyl ester lure and comparable to a sex pheromone lure in detecting the beginning of codling moth flight in the spring generation. No difference was found in moth catch between 40.0 mg propyl and ethyl ester lures. Significantly more females were caught in traps baited with 1.0 – 10.0 mg than with 1.0 – 100.0 μg lures loaded with the ethyl ester. In general, kairomone lures caught significantly fewer moths than sex pheromone lures

Use of Ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate in Codling Moth Management: Stimulation of Oviposition

The effect of the pear volatile, ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (Et-E,Z-DD), on oviposition by codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), was evaluated in a series of choice and nochoice laboratory experiments and in subsequent field tests conducted in apple and walnut. Gray halobutyl elastomer septa loaded with 1.0 and 100.0 μg Et-E,Z-DD significantly increased the numbers of eggs laid by a laboratory population in 96 h no-choice assays by 2-fold. In addition, the number of eggs laid near the Et-E,Z-DD versus a solvent blank dispenser was significantly higher in choice bioassays across a similar range of septa loadings. Oviposition rates by a field-collected post-diapause strain of codling moth were significantly increased by the addition of a 1.0-μg septa versus a solvent blank dispenser in a no-choice bioassay. Field trials were conducted in apple and walnut to develop an artificial egg trap baited with Et-E,Z-DD to monitor codling moth oviposition. Septa loaded with 0.1 to 10.0 mg did not significantly increase oviposition versus solvent blank dispensers on a Mylar plastic collar trap or on the adjacent leaves and fruit in apple. Significantly more eggs were laid on the fruit and foliage than on the plastic collar. No eggs were deposited on non-bearing apple shoots baited with 0.1 – 40.0 mg Et-E,Z-DD septa. Similarly, no eggs were deposited on cylindrical wax paper-covered plastic traps baited with 10.0 μg to 1.0 mg Et-E,Z-DD septa in walnut orchards. The potential of Et-E,Z-DD to monitor codling moth’s oviposition in the field, stimulate oviposition by field-collected strains under laboratory conditions, and to improve pest control by disrupting host location are discussed

Magnetothermodynamics: Measuring equations of state in a relaxed magnetohydrodynamic plasma

We report the first measurements of equations of state of a fully relaxed magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) laboratory plasma. Parcels of magnetized plasma, called Taylor states, are formed in a coaxial magnetized plasma gun, and are allowed to relax and drift into a closed flux conserving volume. Density, ion temperature, and magnetic field are measured as a function of time as the Taylor states compress and heat. The theoretically predicted MHD and double adiabatic equations of state are compared to experimental measurements. We find that the MHD equation of state is inconsistent with our data.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

1861-07-15 L.D. Light of Damariscotta writes Colonel Harding that he is unable to join the regiment due to illness

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Current driven rotating kink mode in a plasma column with a non-line-tied free end

First experimental measurements are presented for the kink instability in a linear plasma column which is insulated from an axial boundary by finite sheath resistivity. Instability threshold below the classical Kruskal-Shafranov threshold, axially asymmetric mode structure and rotation are observed. These are accurately reproduced by a recent kink theory, which includes axial plasma flow and one end of the plasma column that is free to move due to a non-line-tied boundary condition.Comment: 4 pages, 6 figure

Learning and interaction in groups with computers: when do ability and gender matter?

In the research reported in this paper, we attempt to identify the background and process factors influencing the effectiveness of groupwork with computers in terms of mathematics learning. The research used a multi-site case study design in six schools and involved eight groups of six mixed-sex, mixed-ability pupils (aged 9-12) undertaking three research tasks – two using Logo and one a database. Our findings suggest that, contrary to other recent research, the pupil characteristics of gender and ability have no direct influence on progress in group tasks with computers. However, status effects – pupils' perceptions of gender and ability – do have an effect on the functioning of the group, which in turn can impede progress for all pupils concerned

Vortex line in a neutral finite-temperature superfluid Fermi gas

The structure of an isolated vortex in a dilute two-component neutral superfluid Fermi gas is studied within the context of self-consistent Bogoliubov-de Gennes theory. Various thermodynamic properties are calculated and the shift in the critical temperature due to the presence of the vortex is analyzed. The gapless excitations inside the vortex core are studied and a scheme to detect these states and thus the presence of the vortex is examined. The numerical results are compared with various analytical expressions when appropriate.Comment: 8 pages, 6 embedded figure

Habit, Memory, and the Persistence of Socialist-Era Street Names in Postsocialist Bucharest, Romania

The critical study of toponymy has paid considerable attention to the renaming of urban places following revolutionary political change. Such renaming is intended to institutionalize a new political agenda through shaping the meanings in everyday practices and landscapes. Renaming, however, might not always be successful, and this article examines this issue with reference to a market in Bucharest, Romania. Originally named Piaţa Moghioroş during the socialist era to commemorate a leading Communist Party activist, the market was renamed in the postsocialist period. Yet, more than two decades on, the original name remains in widespread everyday use. Using a mixed-method approach, we seek to advance the critical toponymies literature by exploring the persistence of the socialist-era name within everyday practice. Although many authors have highlighted the issue of popular resistance to an unpopular renaming, we find little evidence of conscious resistance, and instead we explore the importance of habit within everyday practices as an explanation, drawing on an understanding of habit derived from sociocognitive psychology. This perspective proposes that habits are stable and hard to break if the broader context in which they are situated is stable. We suggest that this explanation, rather than popular contestation, has more to offer in understanding the persistence of the toponym Piaţa Moghioroş. We thus highlight the importance of considering how the “users” of place names react to the changes of such names and create their own meanings in relation to them in ways unintended by elites