Assessments on the competency model of senior managers of family firms in China

Based on the critical behavioral event interviews with 18 senior managers of family firms, the current study developed a competency model forsenior managers of family firms in China. The primary findings are as follows.First, using the Critical Behavioral Event Interview (BEI) to develop thecompetency model of senior managers, the occurrence frequency and mean levelscores of competencies are comparatively stable measures and the competencies’maximal level scores are influenced by interview length. The study also found that both mean level scores and maximal level scores can differentiate superiorsenior managers from average senior managers of family firms. Second, the competency model of senior managers of family firms in China includes 1competencies, namely authority orientation, initiative, opportunity-seizing,information seeking, organizational awareness, direction, benevolence orientation,self-control, self-confidence, self-learning, and impact and influence. Amongthem, nine competencies are consistent with those of the generic competencymodel of senior managers of Western enterprises and five with those of thegeneric competency model of senior managers of state-owned firms in China.Our results revealed that the authority orientation and benevolence orientationare the two competencies unique to the senior managers of family firms in Chin

Laminoplasty versus laminectomy for multi-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a systematic review of the literature

BACKGROUND: There is considerable controversy as to which posterior technique is best for the treatment of multi-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and radiographic results and complications of laminoplasty (LAMP) and laminectomy (LAMT) in the treatment of multi-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy. METHODS: We reviewed and analyzed papers published from January 1966 and June 2013 regarding the comparison of LAMP and LAMT for multi-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Statistical comparisons were made when appropriate. RESULTS: Fifteen studies were included in this systematic review. There was no significant difference in the incidence of surgical complications between LAMP and LAMT. Compared to conventional LAMT and skip LAMT, postoperative ROM was more limited in LAMP, but this was still superior to postoperative ROM following LAMT with fusion. Postoperative kyphosis occurred in 8/180 (4.44%) in LAMP and 13/205 (6.34%) in LAMT, whereas no cases of kyphosis were reported for skip LAMT. Skip LAMT appears to have better clinical outcomes than LAMP, while the outcome was similar between LAMP and LAMT with fusion. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, a claim of superiority for laminoplasty or laminectomy was not justified. In deciding between the two procedures, the risks of surgical and neurological complications, and radiologic and clinical outcome, must be taken into consideration if both options are available in multi-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy

Aligning Large Language Models with Human: A Survey

Large Language Models (LLMs) trained on extensive textual corpora have emerged as leading solutions for a broad array of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Despite their notable performance, these models are prone to certain limitations such as misunderstanding human instructions, generating potentially biased content, or factually incorrect (hallucinated) information. Hence, aligning LLMs with human expectations has become an active area of interest within the research community. This survey presents a comprehensive overview of these alignment technologies, including the following aspects. (1) Data collection: the methods for effectively collecting high-quality instructions for LLM alignment, including the use of NLP benchmarks, human annotations, and leveraging strong LLMs. (2) Training methodologies: a detailed review of the prevailing training methods employed for LLM alignment. Our exploration encompasses Supervised Fine-tuning, both Online and Offline human preference training, along with parameter-efficient training mechanisms. (3) Model Evaluation: the methods for evaluating the effectiveness of these human-aligned LLMs, presenting a multifaceted approach towards their assessment. In conclusion, we collate and distill our findings, shedding light on several promising future research avenues in the field. This survey, therefore, serves as a valuable resource for anyone invested in understanding and advancing the alignment of LLMs to better suit human-oriented tasks and expectations. An associated GitHub link collecting the latest papers is available at https://github.com/GaryYufei/AlignLLMHumanSurvey.Comment: work in progres

Geochemistry and geochronology of dolerite dykes from the Daba and Dongbo peridotite massifs, SW Tibet: Insights into the style of mantle melting at the onset of Neo-Tethyan subduction

This study reports compositional and whole-rock Sr-Nd isotope data as well as zircon U-Pb geochronological data on dolerite dikes from the Daba and Dongbo ultramafic massifs, southwest Yarlung-Zangbo Suture Zone (YZSZ), Tibet. The 120.6 \ub1 1.6 Ma dolerite dikes from the Daba peridotite exhibit normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (N-MORB)-type normalized mutli-element patterns [(La/Yb)N = 0.43-0.72] with noticeable negative Nb and Th anomalies. They have high initial 87Sr/8624 Sr ratios (87Sr/8625 Sr(i) = 0.70720-0.70788) and high \u3b5Nd(t) values (+7.4 to +7.9). The 125.4 \ub1 1.8 Ma dolerite intrusions within the Dongbo peridotite show N-MORB\u2012type trace element profiles [(La/Yb)N = 0.65-0.84] characterized by apparent negative anomalies in Nb and Th, and mild negative anomalies in Ti (\ub1 Y). They also have high 87Sr/8629 Sr(i) ratios (0.70611-0.70679) and elevated \u3b5Nd(t) values (+7.8 to +8.2). Semi-quantitative La/Yb vs. Dy/Yb modeling demonstrates that the parental magmas of the investigated dolerite dikes derived from more than 20% (cumulative) melting of a (broad) mantle source region that had a spinel-bearing N-MORB\u2013like lherzolitic composition. Our geochemical and isotopic data indicate that the composition of the inferred mantle source was influenced by minor input of subducted crustal material. The petrogenesis of the Daba and Dongbo massifs could be linked to upwelling of an asthenospheric source that caused continental rift and subsequent seafloor spreading, followed by subduction initiation adjacent to a passive margin during the early Cretaceous (~130-120 Ma). Our study provides a more detailed, and perhaps more elegant, hypothesis for the tectono-magmatic evolution of the southwestern YZSZ "ophiolitic" peridotites after their accretion beneath a Neo-Tethyan marginal basin

FollowBench: A Multi-level Fine-grained Constraints Following Benchmark for Large Language Models

The ability to follow instructions is crucial for Large Language Models (LLMs) to handle various real-world applications. Existing benchmarks primarily focus on evaluating pure response quality, rather than assessing whether the response follows constraints stated in the instruction. To fill this research gap, in this paper, we propose FollowBench, a Multi-level Fine-grained Constraints Following Benchmark for LLMs. FollowBench comprehensively includes five different types (i.e., Content, Situation, Style, Format, and Example) of fine-grained constraints. To enable a precise constraint following estimation on diverse difficulties, we introduce a Multi-level mechanism that incrementally adds a single constraint to the initial instruction at each increased level. To assess whether LLMs' outputs have satisfied every individual constraint, we propose to prompt strong LLMs with constraint-evolution paths to handle challenging open-ended instructions. By evaluating ten closed-source and open-source popular LLMs on FollowBench, we highlight the weaknesses of LLMs in instruction following and point towards potential avenues for future work. The data and code are publicly available at https://github.com/YJiangcm/FollowBench.Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures, 14 table

Observation of Complete Photonic Bandgap in Low Refractive Index Contrast Inverse Rod-Connected Diamond Structured Chalcogenides

Three-dimensional complete photonic bandgap materials or photonic crystals block light propagation in all directions. The rod-connected diamond structure exhibits the largest photonic bandgap known to date and supports a complete bandgap for the lowest refractive index contrast ratio down to nhigh/nlow ∼ 1.9. We confirm this threshold by measuring a complete photonic bandgap in the infrared region in Sn–S–O (n ∼ 1.9) and Ge–Sb–S–O (n ∼ 2) inverse rod-connected diamond structures. The structures were fabricated using a low-temperature chemical vapor deposition process via a single-inversion technique. This provides a reliable fabrication technique of complete photonic bandgap materials and expands the library of backfilling materials, leading to a wide range of future photonic applications

Icariin reduces cognitive dysfunction induced by surgical trauma in aged rats by inhibiting hippocampal neuroinflammation

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common postsurgical complication in elderly individuals, significantly impacting the quality of life of patients; however, there is currently no effective clinical treatment for POCD. Recent studies have shown that Icariin (ICA) has antiaging effects and improves cognitive function, but its effect in POCD has not been studied. In this study, we investigated the influence of ICA on cognitive function and the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in a POCD rat model. We found that ICA reduced surgery-induced memory impairment, decreased hippocampal inflammatory responses, ameliorated neuronal injury in the hippocampus and inhibited microglial activation. In addition, we also observed that ICA inhibited activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. In summary, our research suggest that ICA can ameliorate surgery-induced memory impairment and that the improvements resulting from administration of ICA may be associated with inhibition of hippocampal neuroinflammation. Our research findings also provide insight into potential therapeutic targets and methods for POCD

Electronically phase separated nano-network in antiferromagnetic insulating LaMnO3/PrMnO3/CaMnO3 tricolor superlattice

Strongly correlated materials often exhibit an electronic phase separation (EPS) phenomena whose domain pattern is random in nature. The ability to control the spatial arrangement of the electronic phases at microscopic scales is highly desirable for tailoring their macroscopic properties and/or designing novel electronic devices. Here we report the formation of EPS nanoscale network in a mono-atomically stacked LaMnO3/CaMnO3/PrMnO3 superlattice grown on SrTiO3 (STO) (001) substrate, which is known to have an antiferromagnetic (AFM) insulating ground state. The EPS nano-network is a consequence of an internal strain relaxation triggered by the structural domain formation of the underlying STO substrate at low temperatures. The same nanoscale network pattern can be reproduced upon temperature cycling allowing us to employ different local imaging techniques to directly compare the magnetic and transport state of a single EPS domain. Our results confirm the one-to-one correspondence between ferromagnetic (AFM) to metallic (insulating) state in manganite. It also represents a significant step in a paradigm shift from passively characterizing EPS in strongly correlated systems to actively engaging in its manipulation