Understanding the effects of one’s actions upon hidden objects and the development of search behaviour in 7-month-old infants

Infants' understanding of how their actions affect the visibility of hidden objects may be a crucial aspect of the development of search behaviour. To investigate this possibility, 7-month-old infants took part in a two-day training study. At the start of the first session, and at the end of the second, all infants performed a search task with a hiding-well. On both days, infants had an additional training experience. The ‘Agency group’ learnt to spin a turntable to reveal a hidden toy, whilst the ‘Means-End’ group learnt the same means-end motor action, but the toy was always visible. The Agency group showed greater improvement on the hiding-well search task following their training experience. We suggest that the Agency group's turntable experience was effective because it provided the experience of bringing objects back into visibility by one's actions. Further, the performance of the Agency group demonstrates generalized transfer of learning across situations with both different motor actions and stimuli in infants as young as 7 months

Sit to talk: Relation between motor skills and language development in infancy

Relations between walking skills and language development have been reported in 10- to 14-month-old infants. However, whether earlier emerging motor milestones also affect language skills remains unknown. The current research fills this gap by examining the relation between reaching and sitting skills and later language development, respectively. Reaching and sitting were assessed eight times, starting when infants (N = 29) were around 3 months of age. All assessments were completed and recorded remotely via videoconference using Skype or FaceTime. Subsequently, infants' language and motor skills were assessed via parent questionnaires (Communicative Development Inventories and Early Motor Questionnaire) at 10 and 14 months of age. Results revealed a significant correlation between the emergence of sitting skills and receptive vocabulary size at 10 and 14 months of age. Regression analyses further confirmed this pattern and revealed that the emergence of sitting is a significant predictor of subsequent language development above and beyond influences of concurrent motor skills. These findings suggest that the onset of independent sitting may initiate a developmental cascade that results in increased language learning opportunities. Further, this study also demonstrates how infants' early motor skills can be assessed remotely using videoconference

Scaffolded reaching experiences encourage grasping activity in infants at high risk for autism

Recent findings suggest impaired motor skill development during infancy in children later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, it remains unclear whether infants at high familial risk for ASD would benefit from early interventions targeting the motor domain. The current study investigated this issue by providing 3-month-old infants at high familial risk for ASD with training experiences aimed at facilitating independent reaching. A group of 17 high-risk (HR) infants received 2 weeks of scaffolded reaching experiences using "sticky mittens," and was compared to 72 low-risk (LR) infants experiencing the same or alternative training procedures. Results indicate that HR infants - just like LR infants - show an increase in grasping activity following "sticky mittens" training. In contrast to LR infants, evidence that motor training encouraged a preference for faces in HR infants was inconclusive

Editorial: Understanding Trajectories and Promoting Change From Early to Complex Skills in Typical and Atypical Development: A Cross-Population Approach

This Research Topic focuses on new research perspectives, methodologies, and protocols to understand trajectories and promote change in typical, at-risk, and atypical development. The interplay between early skills and the environment and the connections between theoretical and interventionmodels with an interdisciplinary, cross-domain and cross-population approach are addressed. These findings have important implications for clinicians and practitioners, who should take into account the specific characteristics of individual and interacting learning processes in planning interventions

ANALISIS FAKTOR FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGERUHI PESERTA DIDIK BEROHONG PADA KELAS VIII SMP ISLAM ASHABULKAHFI PONTIANAK

The study aims to identify factors that affect disagreeable learners, this method employs the deskritif method. The form of research used in this study is survey study. This research data gathering technique uses direct communication techniques. The data collection tool used was an interview or a face-to-face to an eighth-grade student. Based on the results that influence learners to lie is internal, such as for premature prevention efforts to avoid problems, and from extemporaneous factors are affected by a peer environment. Then fear of being scolded by parents and so forth the efforts made between the homeroom teachers, the subject teacher to change the behavior of future learners

UPAYA MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR LOMPAT JAUH MELALUI PENDEKATAN BERMAIN LOMPAT KANGGURU PADA PESERTA DIDIK

AbstrakA common problem in this research is how long jump effort to improve skills hang style by using teaching aids in the form of a rubber band. The research objective was to determine the improvement of learning outcomes in the long jump leap through the medium of a rubber band on the students. The method used in this research is descriptive method with the application of classroom action research is conducted through two cycles to see and improve learning outcomes long jump style by using the media to hang a rubber band. The subjects were students with a total of 29 students. Based on observations, value - average ratings in the first cycle was 72. In the second cycle the average - average assessment of students is 74, with 100% students with values ≥74 and 0% of students with values <74. Keywords : long jump, rubber bands, hanging style

Effect of Substrate Concentration to Anode Chamber Performance in Microbial Electrolysis Cell

Microbial electrolysis is a promising process for bio-hydrogen production which might be implemented in waste water treatment in a near future. Unfortunately substrate could be converted into methane by acetoclastic methanogens and will reduce the coulombic efficiency (CE). The research objective was to study the competition between electrogens and methanogens for substrate in a continuous Microbial Electrolysis Cell (MEC).The competition was studied in relation to controlling acetate influent concentration (Cin) from 35 to 1 mM with a fixed anode potential -350 mV, by assessing activity of electrogens as current density (CD), activity of acetoclastic methanogens as methanogenic consumed acetate (Cmeth), and CE and by measuring anolyte protein content to confirm a steady state condition. Controlling Cin from 35 to 1 mM resulted in tendency of both CD and Cmeth to decrease and CE to increase. At decreasing Cin from 35 to 5 mM which left excess acetate concentration in anolyte, the CEs were between 36.4% and 75.3%. At further decreasing Cin to 1 mM the acetate concentration was limited (Cef 0 mM), but the CE only reached 95.8%. Methanogenesis always occur and electrogens were not able to outcompete the acetoclastic methanogens even though the substrate concentration was limited.Keywords : microbial electrolysis cell, bio-hydrogen, metanogenesis, substrate concentratio