8 research outputs found
Optimization of solvent swelling for efficient organic solar cells via sequential deposition
Compared to bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (OSCs) prepared by the blend casting in âone step processâ, sequential deposition (SD) processed OSCs can realize an ideal profile of vertical component distribution due to the swelling of polymer films. Herein, we did trials on several kinds of second solvents for swelling the polymer layer, and investigated the packing structure and morphology of the swollen films and the performance of the resulting devices. We found that an optimized morphology can be achieved by solvent swelling while using orthodichlorobenzene (o-DCB) as the second layer processing-solvent, with polymer donor PffBT-3 as bottom layer, PC71BM as top layer and bicontinuous networks in the middle. Such solvent swelling process also makes the SD method exempt from thermal annealing treatment. The device based on SD yields a power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 8.7% without any post-treatment, outperforming those from the devices based on SD using other solvents and that (7.06%) from BHJ device, respectively. We also extended the use of this approach to all-polymer blend system, and successfully improved the efficiency from 4.72% (chloroform) to 9.35% (o-DCB), which is among the highest PCEs in all-polymer-based OSCs fabricated with SD method. The results demonstrate that the swelling of the polymer by the second layer solvent is a necessity for SD, paving the way towards additive-free high-performance OSCs
Drastic Effects of Fluorination on Backbone Conformation of Head-to-Head Bithiophene-Based Polymer Semiconductors
This
study shows that the backbone conformation of head-to-head
type 3,3â˛-dialkyl-2,2â˛-bithiophene can be tuned via
fluorination of the neighboring benzothiadiazole (BTz). Without fluorination,
the polymer backbone is highly twisted, whereas difluorination of
BTz produced a coplanar backbone. Monofluorination of BTz yielded
a tunable polymer backbone conformation depending on the film annealing
temperature. In organic thin-film transistors, the polymer with the
head-to-head linkages showed a remarkable hole mobility of >0.5
cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>â1</sup> s<sup>â1</sup> upon attaining
a planar backbone. Thus, the head-to-head linkage does not necessarily
lead to backbone nonplanarity, and achieving planar conformation of
3,3â˛-dialkyl-2,2â˛-bithiophene has profound implications
in materials design for organic semiconducting devices, yielding good
solubility, reduced materials synthetic steps, and improved opto-electrical
properties
Green-Solvent-Processable Low-Cost Fluorinated Hole Contacts with Optimized Buried Interface for Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
Solution-processed hole contact materials, as an indispensable
component in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), have been widely studied
with consistent progress achieved. One bottleneck for the commercialization
of PSCs is the lack of hole contact materials with high performance,
cost-effective preparation, and green-solvent processability. Therefore,
the development of versatile hole contact materials is of great significance.
Herein, we report two novel donorâacceptor (DâA)-type
hole contact molecules (FMPAâBT-CA and 2FMPAâBT-CA)
with low cost and alcohol-based processability by utilizing a fluorination
strategy. We showed that the fluorine atoms lead to the lowered highest
occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels and larger dipole
moments for FMPAâBT-CA and 2FMPAâBT-CA. Moreover, fluorination
also improves the buried interfacial interaction between hole contacts
and perovskite. As a result, a remarkable power conversion efficiency
(PCE) of 22.37% along with good light stability could be achieved
for green-solvent-processed FMPAâBT-CA-based inverted PSC devices,
demonstrating the great potential of environmentally compatible hole
contacts for highly efficient PSCs
Legislative Documents
Also, variously referred to as: House bills; House documents; House legislative documents; legislative documents; General Court documents
Transition metal-catalysed molecular n-doping of organic semiconductors
Electron doping of organic semiconductors is typically inefficient, but here a precursor molecular dopant is used to deliver higher n-doping efficiency in a much shorter doping time. Chemical doping is a key process for investigating charge transport in organic semiconductors and improving certain (opto)electronic devices(1-9). N(electron)-doping is fundamentally more challenging than p(hole)-doping and typically achieves a very low doping efficiency (eta) of less than 10%(1,10). An efficient molecular n-dopant should simultaneously exhibit a high reducing power and air stability for broad applicability(1,5,6,9,11), which is very challenging. Here we show a general concept of catalysed n-doping of organic semiconductors using air-stable precursor-type molecular dopants. Incorporation of a transition metal (for example, Pt, Au, Pd) as vapour-deposited nanoparticles or solution-processable organometallic complexes (for example, Pd-2(dba)(3)) catalyses the reaction, as assessed by experimental and theoretical evidence, enabling greatly increased eta in a much shorter doping time and high electrical conductivities (above 100 S cm(-1); ref. (12)). This methodology has technological implications for realizing improved semiconductor devices and offers a broad exploration space of ternary systems comprising catalysts, molecular dopants and semiconductors, thus opening new opportunities in n-doping research and applications(12, 13)
Enhancing Polymer Photovoltaic Performance via Optimized Intramolecular Ester-Based Noncovalent Sulfur¡¡¡Oxygen Interactions
Head-to-head (HH) bithiophenes are
typically avoided in polymer
semiconductors since they engender undesirable steric repulsions,
leading to a twisted backbone. While introducing electron-donating
alkoxy chains can lead to intramolecular noncovalent S¡¡¡O
interactions, this comes at the cost of elevating the HOMOs and compromising
polymer solar cell (PSC) performance. To address the limitation, a
novel HH bithiophene featuring an electron-withdrawing ester functionality,
3-alkoxycarbonyl-3â˛-alkoxy-2,2â˛-bithiophene (TETOR),
is synthesized. Single crystal diffraction reveals a planar TETOR
conformation (versus highly twisted diester bithiophene), showing
distinctive advantages of incorporating alkoxy on promoting backbone
planarity. Compared to first-generation 3-alkyl-3â˛-alkoxy-2,2â˛-bithiophene
(TRTOR), TETOR contains an additional planarizing (thienyl)ÂS¡¡¡OÂ(carbonyl)
interaction. Consequently, TETOR-based polymer (TffBT-TETOR) has greatly
lower-lying FMOs, stronger aggregation, closer Ď-stacking, and
better miscibility with fullerenes versus the TRTOR-based counterpart
(TffBT-TRTOR). These characteristics are attributed to the additional
S¡¡¡O interaction and electron-withdrawing ester substituent,
which enhances backbone planarity, charge transport, and PSC performance.
Thus, TffBT-TETOR-based PSCs exhibit an increased PCE of 10.08%, a
larger <i>V</i><sub>oc</sub> of 0.76 V, and a higher <i>J</i><sub>sc</sub> of 18.30 mA cm<sup>â2</sup> than the
TffBT-TRTOR-based PSCs. These results demonstrate that optimizing
intramolecular noncovalent S¡¡¡O interactions by incorporating
electron-withdrawing ester groups is a powerful strategy for materials
invention in organic electronics
Alkynyl-Functionalized Head-to-Head Linkage Containing Bithiophene as a Weak Donor Unit for High-Performance Polymer Semiconductors
Building blocks having
a high degree of backbone planarity, good
solubilizing characteristics, and well-tailored physicochemical properties
are highly desirable for constructing high-performance polymer semiconductors.
Due to the detrimental steric hindrance created by alkyl chain substituents
at the 3- and 3â˛-positions of bithiophene, âhead-to-headâ
linkage containing 3,3â˛-dialkyl-2,2â˛-bithiophenes (<b>BTR</b>) are typically avoided in materials design. Replacing
alkyl chains with less steric demanding alkynyl chains should greatly
reduce steric hindrance by eliminating two H atoms at the sp-hybridized
carbon center. Here we report the synthesis of a novel electron donor
unit, 3,3â˛-dialkynyl-2,2â˛-bithiophene (<b>BTRy</b>), and its incorporation into conjugated polymer backbones. The alkynyl-functionalized
head-to-head bithiophene linkage yields polymers with good solubility
without sacrificing backbone planarity; the <b>BTRy</b>-based
polymers show a high degree of conjugation with a narrow bandgap of
âź1.6 eV. When incorporated into organic thin-film transistors,
the polymers exhibit substantial hole mobility, up to 0.13 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>â1</sup> s<sup>â1</sup> in top-gated
transistors. The electron-withdrawing alkynyl substituents lower the
frontier molecular orbitals, imbuing the difluorobenzothiadiazole
and difluorobenzoxadiazole copolymers with remarkable ambipolarity:
electron mobility > 0.05 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>â1</sup> s<sup>â1</sup> and hole mobility âź0.01 cm<sup>2</sup> V<sup>â1</sup> s<sup>â1</sup> in bottom-gated transistors.
In bulk-heterojunction solar cells, the <b>BTRy</b>-based polymers
show promising power conversion efficiencies approaching 8% with very
large <i>V</i><sub>oc</sub> values of 0.91â1.04 V,
due to the weak electron-withdrawing alkynyl substituents. In comparison
to the tetrathiophene-based polymer analogues based on the unsubstituted
Ď-spacer design, the <b>BTRy</b>-based polymers have comparable
light absorption but with 0.14 V larger open-circuit voltage, translating
to enhanced optoelectronic properties for this attractive design strategy.
Thus, alkynyl groups are versatile semiconductor substituents, offering
good solubility, substantial backbone planarity, optimized optoelectronic
properties, and film crystallinity, for materials innovation in organic
electronics
Materials Design via Optimized Intramolecular Noncovalent Interactions for High-Performance Organic Semiconductors
We
report the design, synthesis, and implemention in semiconducting
polymers of a novel head-to-head linkage containing the TRTOR (3-alkyl-3â˛-alkoxy-2,2â˛-bithiophene)
donor subunit having a single strategically optimized, planarizing
noncovalent S¡¡¡O interaction. Diverse complementary
thermal, optical, electrochemical, X-ray scattering, electrical, photovoltaic,
and electron microscopic characterization techniques are applied to
establish structureâproperty correlations in a TRTOR-based
polymer series. In comparison to monomers having double S¡¡¡O
interactions, replacing one alkoxy substituent with a less electron-donating
alkyl one yields TRTOR-based polymers with significantly depressed
(0.2â0.3 eV) HOMOs. Furthermore, the weaker single S¡¡¡O
interaction and greater TRTOR steric encumberance enhances materials
processability without sacrificing backbone planarity. From another
perspective, TRTOR has comparable electronic properties to ring-fused
5<i>H</i>-dithienoÂ[3,2-<i>b</i>:2â˛,3â˛-<i>d</i>]Âpyran (DTP) subunits, but a centrosymmetric geometry which
promotes a more compact and ordered structure than bulkier, axisymmetric
DTP. Compared to monosubstituted TTOR (3-alkoxy-2,2â˛-bithiophene),
alkylation at the TRTOR bithiophene 3-position enhances conjugation
and polymer crystallinity with contracted ĎâĎ stacking.
Grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) data reveal
that the greater steric hindrance and the weaker single S¡¡¡O
interaction are not detrimental to close packing and high crystallinity.
As a proof of materials design, copolymerizing TRTOR with phthalimides
yields copolymers with promising thin-film transistor mobility as
high as 0.42 cm<sup>2</sup>/(V¡s) and 6.3% power conversion efficiency
in polymer solar cells, the highest of any phthalimide copolymers
reported to date. The depressed TRTOR HOMOs imbue these polymers with
substantially increased <i>I</i><sub>on</sub>/<i>I</i><sub>off</sub> ratios and <i>V</i><sub>oc</sub>âs
versus analogous subunits with multiple electron donating, planarizing
alkoxy substituents. Implementing a head-to-head linkage with an alkyl/alkoxy
substitution pattern and a single S¡¡¡O interaction
is a promising strategy for organic electronics materials design