Basic Properties of Primitive Root and Order Function

Authors thank Andrzej Trybulec and Yatsuka Nakamura for the help during writing this articleIn this paper we defined the reduced residue system and proved its fundamental properties. Then we proved the basic properties of the order function. Finally, we defined the primitive root and proved its fundamental properties. Our work is based on [12], [8], and [11].Ma Na - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaLiang Xiquan - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaGrzegorz Bancerek. Cardinal numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):377-382, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek. The fundamental properties of natural numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):41-46, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek. The ordinal numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):91-96, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek and Krzysztof Hryniewiecki. Segments of natural numbers and finite sequences. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):107-114, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Functions and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):55-65, 1990.Czesław Bylinski. Some basic properties of sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):47-53, 1990.Agata Darmochwał. Finite sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):165-167, 1990.Zhang Dexin. Integer Theory. Science Publication, China, 1965.Yoshinori Fujisawa and Yasushi Fuwa. The Euler’s function. Formalized Mathematics, 6(4):549-551, 1997.Yoshinori Fujisawa, Yasushi Fuwa, and Hidetaka Shimizu. Public-key cryptography and Pepin’s test for the primality of Fermat numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 7(2):317-321, 1998.G.H. Hardy and E.M. Wright. An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers. Posts and Telecom Press, China, 2007.Hua Loo Keng. Introduction to Number Theory. Beijing Science Publication, China, 1957.Andrzej Kondracki. Basic properties of rational numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):841-845, 1990.Artur Korniłowicz. Collective operations on number-membered sets. Formalized Mathematics, 17(2):99-115, 2009, doi: 10.2478/v10037-009-0011-0.Rafał Kwiatek. Factorial and Newton coefficients. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):887-890, 1990.Rafał Kwiatek and Grzegorz Zwara. The divisibility of integers and integer relative primes. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):829-832, 1990.Xiquan Liang, Li Yan, and Junjie Zhao. Linear congruence relation and complete residue systems. Formalized Mathematics, 15(4):181-187, 2007, doi:10.2478/v10037-007-0022-7.Konrad Raczkowski and Paweł Sadowski. Equivalence relations and classes of abstraction. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):441-444, 1990.Andrzej Trybulec. On the sets inhabited by numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 11(4):341-347, 2003.Michał J. Trybulec. Integers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):501-505, 1990.Zinaida Trybulec. Properties of subsets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):67-71, 1990.Edmund Woronowicz. Relations and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):73-83, 1990.Edmund Woronowicz. Relations defined on sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):181-186, 1990

Second-Order Partial Differentiation of Real Binary Functions

In this article we define second-order partial differentiation of real binary functions and discuss the relation of second-order partial derivatives and partial derivatives defined in [17].Xie Bing - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaLiang Xiquan - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaShen Xiuzhuan - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaGrzegorz Bancerek. The ordinal numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):91-96, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek and Krzysztof Hryniewiecki. Segments of natural numbers and finite sequences. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):107-114, 1990.Czesław Byliński. Functions and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):55-65, 1990.Czesław Byliński. Functions from a set to a set. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):153-164, 1990.Czesław Byliński. Partial functions. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):357-367, 1990.Agata Darmochwał. The Euclidean space. Formalized Mathematics, 2(4):599-603, 1991.Noboru Endou, Yasunari Shidama, and Keiichi Miyajima. Partial differentiation on normed linear spaces Rn. Formalized Mathematics, 15(2):65-72, 2007, doi:10.2478/v10037-007-0008-5.Krzysztof Hryniewiecki. Basic properties of real numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):35-40, 1990.Jarosław Kotowicz. Convergent sequences and the limit of sequences. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):273-275, 1990.Jarosław Kotowicz. Properties of real functions. Formalized Mathematics, 1(4):781-786, 1990.Jarosław Kotowicz. Real sequences and basic operations on them. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):269-272, 1990.Konrad Raczkowski and Paweł Sadowski. Real function continuity. Formalized Mathematics, 1(4):787-791, 1990.Konrad Raczkowski and Paweł Sadowski. Real function differentiability. Formalized Mathematics, 1(4):797-801, 1990.Konrad Raczkowski and Paweł Sadowski. Topological properties of subsets in real numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(4):777-780, 1990.Zinaida Trybulec. Properties of subsets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):67-71, 1990.Edmund Woronowicz. Relations defined on sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):181-186, 1990.Bing Xie, Xiquan Liang, and Hongwei Li. Partial differentiation of real binary functions. Formalized Mathematics, 16(4):333-338, 2008, doi:10.2478/v10037-008-0041-z

Nilpotent Groups

This article describes the concept of the nilpotent group and some properties of the nilpotent groups.Li Dailu - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaLiang Xiquan - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaMen Yanhong - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaGrzegorz Bancerek. The fundamental properties of natural numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):41-46, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek and Krzysztof Hryniewiecki. Segments of natural numbers and finite sequences. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):107-114, 1990.Czesław Byliński. Functions and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):55-65, 1990.Czesław Byliński. Functions from a set to a set. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):153-164, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Classes of conjugation. Normal subgroups. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):955-962, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Groups. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):821-827, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Subgroup and cosets of subgroups. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):855-864, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Commutator and center of a group. Formalized Mathematics, 2(4):461-466, 1991.Wojciech A. Trybulec and Michał J. Trybulec. Homomorphisms and isomorphisms of groups. Quotient group. Formalized Mathematics, 2(4):573-578, 1991.Katarzyna Zawadzka. Solvable groups. Formalized Mathematics, 5(1):145-147, 1996

Basic Properties of Periodic Functions

In this article we present definitions, basic properties and some examples of periodic functions according to [5].Li Bo - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaLi Dailu - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaMen Yanhong - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaLiang Xiquan - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaGrzegorz Bancerek. The fundamental properties of natural numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):41-46, 1990.Grzegorz Bancerek. The ordinal numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):91-96, 1990.Czesław Byliński. Functions and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):55-65, 1990.Czesław Byliński. Some basic properties of sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):47-53, 1990.Chuanzhang Chen. Mathematical Analysis. Higher Education Press, Beijing, 1978.Krzysztof Hryniewiecki. Basic properties of real numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):35-40, 1990.Andrzej Trybulec. Binary operations applied to functions. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):329-334, 1990.Zinaida Trybulec. Properties of subsets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):67-71, 1990.Peng Wang and Bo Li. Several differentiation formulas of special functions. Part V. Formalized Mathematics, 15(3):73-79, 2007, doi:10.2478/v10037-007-0009-4.Edmund Woronowicz. Relations and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):73-83, 1990.Yuguang Yang and Yasunari Shidama. Trigonometric functions and existence of circle ratio. Formalized Mathematics, 7(2):255-263, 1998

Partial Differentiation of Real Ternary Functions

In this article, we shall extend the result of [19] to discuss partial differentiation of real ternary functions (refer to [8] and [16] for partial differentiation).Inoué Takao - Inaba 2205, Wing-Minamikan Nagano, Nagano, JapanXie Bing - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaLiang Xiquan - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaGrzegorz Bancerek and Krzysztof Hryniewiecki. Segments of natural numbers and finite sequences. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):107-114, 1990.Czesław Byliński. Finite sequences and tuples of elements of a non-empty sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):529-536, 1990.Czesław Byliński. Functions and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):55-65, 1990.Czesław Byliński. Functions from a set to a set. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):153-164, 1990.Czesław Byliński. Partial functions. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):357-367, 1990.Czesław Byliński. The sum and product of finite sequences of real numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(4):661-668, 1990.Agata Darmochwał. The Euclidean space. Formalized Mathematics, 2(4):599-603, 1991.Noboru Endou, Yasunari Shidama, and Keiichi Miyajima. Partial differentiation on normed linear spaces Rn. Formalized Mathematics, 15(2):65-72, 2007, doi:10.2478/v10037-007-0008-5.Krzysztof Hryniewiecki. Basic properties of real numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):35-40, 1990.Jarosław Kotowicz. Convergent sequences and the limit of sequences. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):273-275, 1990.Jarosław Kotowicz. Real sequences and basic operations on them. Formalized Mathematics, 1(2):269-272, 1990.Xiquan Liang, Piqing Zhao, and Ou Bai. Vector functions and their differentiation formulas in 3-dimensional Euclidean spaces. Formalized Mathematics, 18(1):1-10, 2010, doi: 10.2478/v10037-010-0001-2.Konrad Raczkowski and Paweł Sadowski. Real function continuity. Formalized Mathematics, 1(4):787-791, 1990.Konrad Raczkowski and Paweł Sadowski. Real function differentiability. Formalized Mathematics, 1(4):797-801, 1990.Konrad Raczkowski and Paweł Sadowski. Topological properties of subsets in real numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(4):777-780, 1990.Walter Rudin. Principles of Mathematical Analysis. MacGraw-Hill, 1976.Andrzej Trybulec and Czesław Byliński. Some properties of real numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):445-449, 1990.Edmund Woronowicz. Relations defined on sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):181-186, 1990.Bing Xie, Xiquan Liang, and Hongwei Li. Partial differentiation of real binary functions. Formalized Mathematics, 16(4):333-338, 2008, doi:10.2478/v10037-008-0041-z

Some Operations on Quaternion Numbers

In this article, we give some equality and basic theorems about quaternion numbers, and some special operations.Li Bo - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaLiang Xiquan - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaWang Pan - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaZhuang Yanping - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaGrzegorz Bancerek. The ordinal numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):91-96, 1990.Czesław Byliński. The complex numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):507-513, 1990.Czesław Byliński. Functions and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):55-65, 1990.Czesław Byliński. Functions from a set to a set. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):153-164, 1990.Czesław Byliński. Some basic properties of sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):47-53, 1990.Fuguo Ge. Inner products, group, ring of quaternion numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 16(2):135-139, 2008, doi:10.2478/v10037-008-0019-x.Krzysztof Hryniewiecki. Basic properties of real numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):35-40, 1990.Xiquan Liang and Fuguo Ge. The quaternion numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 14(4):161-169, 2006, doi:10.2478/v10037-006-0020-1.Andrzej Trybulec. Enumerated sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):25-34, 1990.Andrzej Trybulec and Czesław Byliński. Some properties of real numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):445-449, 1990.Zinaida Trybulec. Properties of subsets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):67-71, 1990.Edmund Woronowicz. Relations and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):73-83, 1990.Edmund Woronowicz. Relations defined on sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):181-186, 1990

Several Integrability Formulas of Special Functions. Part II

In this article, we give several differentiation and integrability formulas of special and composite functions including the trigonometric function, the hyperbolic function and the polynomial function [3].Bo Li - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaYanping Zhuang - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaYanhong Men - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaXiquan Liang - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Chin

Genetic effects of polymorphisms in candidate genes and the QTL region on chicken age at first egg

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The age at first egg (AFE), an important indicator for sexual maturation in female chickens, is controlled by polygenes. Based on our knowledge of reproductive physiology, 6 genes including gonadotrophin releasing hormone-I (<it>GnRH-I</it>), neuropeptide Y (<it>NPY</it>), dopamine D2 receptor (<it>DRD2</it>), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (<it>VIP</it>), VIP receptor-1 (<it>VIPR-1</it>), and prolactin (<it>PRL</it>), were selected as candidates for influencing AFE. Additionally, the region between <it>ADL0201 </it>and <it>MCW0241 </it>of chromosome Z was chosen as the candidate QTL region according to some QTL databases. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of mutations in candidate genes and the QTL region on chicken AFE.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Marker-trait association analysis of 8 mutations in those 6 genes in a Chinese native population found a highly significant association (P < 0.01) between <it>G840327C </it>of the <it>GnRH-I </it>gene with AFE, and it remained significant even with Bonferroni correction. Based on the results of the 2-tailed χ²test, mutations <it>T32742394C, T32742468C, G32742603A</it>, and <it>C33379782T </it>in the candidate QTL region of chromosome Z were selected for marker-trait association analysis. The haplotypes of <it>T32742394C </it>and <it>T32742468C </it>were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with AFE. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that <it>T32742394C </it>and <it>T32742468C </it>were located in the intron region of the SH3-domain GRB2-like 2 (<it>SH3GL2</it>) gene, which appeared to be associated in the endocytosis and development of the oocyte.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study found that <it>G840327C </it>of the <it>GnRH-I </it>gene and the haplotypes of <it>T32742394C-T32742468C </it>of the <it>SH3GL2 </it>gene were associated with the chicken AFE.</p

The Matiyasevich Theorem. Preliminaries

In this article, we prove selected properties of Pell’s equation that are essential to finally prove the Diophantine property of two equations. These equations are explored in the proof of Matiyasevich’s negative solution of Hilbert’s tenth problem.This work has been financed by the resources of the Polish National Science Centre granted by decision no. DEC-2015/19/D/ST6/01473.Institute of Informatics University of Białystok, Białystok, PolandMarcin Acewicz and Karol Pak. Pell’s equation. Formalized Mathematics, 25(3):197-204, 2017. doi: 10.1515/forma-2017-0019.Zofia Adamowicz and Paweł Zbierski. Logic of Mathematics: A Modern Course of Classical Logic. Pure and Applied Mathematics: A Wiley Series of Texts, Monographs and Tracts. Wiley-Interscience, 1997.Martin Davis. Hilbert’s tenth problem is unsolvable. The American Mathematical Monthly, Mathematical Association of America, 80(3):233-269, 1973. doi: 10.2307/2318447.Yoshinori Fujisawa and Yasushi Fuwa. The Euler’s function. Formalized Mathematics, 6 (4):549-551, 1997.Xiquan Liang, Li Yan, and Junjie Zhao. Linear congruence relation and complete residue systems. Formalized Mathematics, 15(4):181-187, 2007. doi: 10.2478/v10037-007-0022-7.Robert Milewski. Natural numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 7(1):19-22, 1998.Rafał Ziobro. Fermat’s Little Theorem via divisibility of Newton’s binomial. Formalized Mathematics, 23(3):215-229, 2015. doi: 10.1515/forma-2015-0018.25431532

On Rough Subgroup of a Group

This article describes a rough subgroup with respect to a normal subgroup of a group, and some properties of the lower and the upper approximations in a group.Liang Xiquan - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaLi Dailu - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaWojciech A. Trybulec. Classes of conjugation. Normal subgroups. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):955-962, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Groups. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):821-827, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Subgroup and cosets of subgroups. Formalized Mathematics, 1(5):855-864, 1990.Wojciech A. Trybulec. Lattice of subgroups of a group. Frattini subgroup. Formalized Mathematics, 2(1):41-47, 1991.Zinaida Trybulec. Properties of subsets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):67-71, 1990