To translate, or not to translate: viral and host mRNA regulation by interferon-stimulated genes.

Type I interferon (IFN) is one of the first lines of cellular defense against viral pathogens. As a result of IFN signaling, a wide array of IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) products is upregulated to target different stages of the viral life cycle. We review recent findings implicating a subset of ISGs in translational regulation of viral and host mRNAs. Translation inhibition is mediated either by binding to viral RNA or by disrupting physiological interactions or levels of the translation complex components. In addition, many of these ISGs localize to translationally silent cytoplasmic granules, such as stress granules and processing bodies, and intersect with the microRNA (miRNA)-mediated silencing pathway to regulate translation of cellular mRNAs

On the Migration of the Galilean Satellites

Topic 67: Solar System: GeneralPoster PresentationThe migration of the Galilean satellites during formation due to interactions with the circumjovian disk is studied. In the gas-starved disk model proposed by Canup & Ward (2002, 2006), the Galilean satellites are the last generation of satellites formed in the circumjovian disk, and their migration and accretion depend on disk viscosity, opacity and material inflow rate. Relaxing the migration to non-isothermal type I regime (e.g. Paardekooper et al. 2010) allows the satellites to migrate outwards in optically-thick disk regions, and there is a position where the disk torque is zero. This contrasts with 278the results in the isothermal type I regime in which the satellites always migrate inwards. Including the effect of temperature dependence of disk opacity can produce multiple zero-torque positions in the circumjovian disk. As the disk depletes, these zero-torque positions shift towards Jupiter. Under this setting, a satellite at a range of initial locations will eventually converge to near one of these zero-torque positions, but stays at a fixed distance away (with the distance depending on satellite mass), so that it is moving inwards with the zero-torque position. However, if the satellite starts at a large-enough distance from Jupiter, it may move in a trajectory that does not converge to any of these zero-torque positions and survives to the end. The effect of satellite growth and variation of disk parameters on satellite migration will be discussed. The migration in multiple satellite system, and how these settings can possibly result in the Laplace resonance among the Galilean satellites, will be also investigated. This work is supported in part by Hong Kong RGC grant HKU 7030/11Ppublished_or_final_versio

Inequivalent multipartite coherence classes and two operational coherence monotones

© 2019 American Physical Society. Quantum coherence has received significant attention in recent years, but the structure of multipartite coherent states is unclear. In this paper, we generalize important results in multipartite entanglement theory to their counterparts in quantum coherence theory. First, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for when two pure multipartite states are equivalent under local incoherent operations assisted by classical communications (LICC), i.e., two states can be deterministically transformed to each other under LICC operations. Next, we investigate and give the conditions in which such a transformation succeeds only stochastically. Different from the entanglement case for two-qubit states, we find that the stochastic LICC (sLICC) equivalence classes are infinite. Moreover, it is possible that there are some classes of states in multipartite entanglement that can convert into each other, whereas they cannot convert into each other in multipartite coherence. In order to show the difference among sLICC classes, we introduce two coherence monotones: accessible coherence and source coherence, following the logistics given in [Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 150502 (2015)10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.150502]. These coherence monotones have a straightforward operational interpretation, namely, the accessible coherence characterizes the proficiency of a state to generate other states via quantum incoherent operations, whereas the source coherence characterizes the set of states that can be reached via quantum incoherent operations acting on the given state of interest

Dynamic fracture analysis of plates loaded in tension and bending using the dual boundary element method

© 2020 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland. The purpose of this paper is to solve dynamic fracture problems of plates under both tension and bending using the boundary element method (BEM). The dynamic problems were solved in the Laplace-transform domain, which avoided the calculation of the domain integrals resulting from the inertial terms. The dual boundary element method, in which both displacement and traction boundary integral equations are utilized, was applied to the modelling of cracks. The dynamic fracture analysis of a plate under combined tension and bending loads was conducted using the BEM formulations for the generalized plane stress theory and Mindlin plate bending theory. Dynamic stress intensity factors were estimated based on the crack opening displacements

End-to-End Localization and Ranking for Relative Attributes

We propose an end-to-end deep convolutional network to simultaneously localize and rank relative visual attributes, given only weakly-supervised pairwise image comparisons. Unlike previous methods, our network jointly learns the attribute's features, localization, and ranker. The localization module of our network discovers the most informative image region for the attribute, which is then used by the ranking module to learn a ranking model of the attribute. Our end-to-end framework also significantly speeds up processing and is much faster than previous methods. We show state-of-the-art ranking results on various relative attribute datasets, and our qualitative localization results clearly demonstrate our network's ability to learn meaningful image patches.Comment: Appears in European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 201

ZAP's stress granule localization is correlated with its antiviral activity and induced by virus replication.

Cellular antiviral programs encode molecules capable of targeting multiple steps in the virus lifecycle. Zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP) is a central and general regulator of antiviral activity that targets pathogen mRNA stability and translation. ZAP is diffusely cytoplasmic, but upon infection ZAP is targeted to particular cytoplasmic structures, termed stress granules (SGs). However, it remains unclear if ZAP's antiviral activity correlates with SG localization, and what molecular cues are required to induce this localization event. Here, we use Sindbis virus (SINV) as a model infection and find that ZAP's localization to SGs can be transient. Sometimes no apparent viral infection follows ZAP SG localization but ZAP SG localization always precedes accumulation of SINV non-structural protein, suggesting virus replication processes trigger SG formation and ZAP recruitment. Data from single-molecule RNA FISH corroborates this finding as the majority of cells with ZAP localization in SGs contain low levels of viral RNA. Furthermore, ZAP recruitment to SGs occurred in ZAP-expressing cells when co-cultured with cells replicating full-length SINV, but not when co-cultured with cells replicating a SINV replicon. ZAP recruitment to SGs is functionally important as a panel of alanine ZAP mutants indicate that the anti-SINV activity is correlated with ZAP's ability to localize to SGs. As ZAP is a central component of the cellular antiviral programs, these data provide further evidence that SGs are an important cytoplasmic antiviral hub. These findings provide insight into how antiviral components are regulated upon virus infection to inhibit virus spread

Strain in epitaxial Bi2Se3 grown on GaN and graphene substrates: A reflection high-energy electron diffraction study

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3-D measurement of body tissues based on ultrasound images with 3-D spatial information

2005-2006 > Academic research: refereed > Publication in refereed journalAccepted ManuscriptPublishe