Head and neck cancer with synchronous nodules of the lung as a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge - A systematic review.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) often presents with synchronous nodules of the lung (sNL), which may be benign nodules, second primary malignancies or metastases of HNSCC. We sought to gain an insight into the incidence of sNL and synchronous second primary of the lung (sSPML) in HNSCC patients and current opinions on useful diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. We conducted a systematic search of the PubMed database for articles that reported the simultaneous detection of HNSCC and sNL/sPML, within the timeframe of diagnosis and staging. Only studies involving humans were included, without restrictions for sex, age, ethnicity, or smoking history. All articles were categorised according to the Oxford Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine levels and their data collected. Data from 24 studies were analysed. Amongst HNSCC, the mean overall incidence rate of sNL and sSPML was 11.4% (range: 1.3-27%) and 2.95% (range: 0.4-7.4%), respectively. The possibility of a sNL to be a sSPML cannot be ignored (mean: 35.2%). Studies investigating smoking habits showed that the majority (98-100%) of HNSCC patients with sSPML were previous or active smokers. Detection of human papillomavirus through DNA analysis, p16 immunohistochemistry, and identification of clonal evolution were useful in differentiating metastasis from sSPML. 18FDG-PET scan was the most reliable method to diagnose sSPML (sensitivity: 95%; specificity: 96%; positive predictive value: 80%). With early sSPML detection and curative treatment, the 5-year overall survival rate is 34-47%. However, the proposed advantage of early detection warrants further evidence-based justification

형태구문적으로 상이한 언어쌍을 위한 통계기계번역에서의 구조변환

DoctorIn this Thesis, we present a framework that first resolves structural differences as syntax-aided preprocessing then resolves lexical differences using a phrase-based SMT for morpho-syntactically divergent language pairs such as Chinese-Korean and English-Japanese. This framework strengthens the structure transfer of phrase-based SMT whose capacity for lexical transfer is widely proved. We contrastively analyze the morpho-syntactic differences of source and target languages from the viewpoint of word order and morphological typology. What kind of linguistically-motivated features are utilized and how to effectively incorporate them into the phrase-based SMT is our main concern.First, we consider the totally different word orders between Chinese and Korean. A Chinese syntactic reordering approach with an emphasis on predicate-predicate patterns is proposed for the phrase- and hierarchical phrase-based SMT. We examine the predicate-predicate patterns relating to long-distance reordering, and investigate which specific constructions contribute to better translation through syntactic reordering. Useful linguistic knowledge is explored to detect the constructions which need to be reordered.Then, we consider the translation direction of both language pairs from a morphologically-poor language (isolating language) to a morphologically-rich one (agglutinative language) which is more difficult than translating in the opposite direction. Our proposed method handles the structural differences to generate complex morphology in the target languages. Among various kinds of structural differences, we focus on the thematic divergences of syntactic roles such as subject and object between source and target languages. Subject and object relations in Chinese and English are implicitly expressed by the word order, while in Korean and Japanese they are explicitly expressed by case markers. Furthermore, these syntactic roles are frequently transferred into other syntactic roles when translating. Our proposed approach fills the morpho-syntactic gaps with the transferred syntactic roles to help the generation of adequate case markers in the target languages. The process of resolving thematic divergences is realized as a structured prediction model.Finally, we combine the two aforementioned approaches in a cascaded model to perform a more generalized structural transfer because they are complementary to each other. The input sentences are syntactically reordered, then the thematic divergences of subject and object relations of the reordered sentences are resolved, and vice versa.본 논문에서는 중한 또는 영일과 같이 형태구문적으로 상이한 언어쌍에 대한 통계기계번역에서, 언어학적 정보를 이용한 전처리를 통하여 구조변환을 하고 다음 구기반 통계기계번역 시스템을 이용하여 어휘변환을 진행하는 방법을 제안한다. 이 방법은 널리 알려진 구기반 통계기계번역(phrase-based SMT)의 어휘변환 능력을 훼손시키지 않으면서 약점인 구조변환 능력을 강화할 수 있는 방법이다. 본 논문은 중한/영일 언어쌍의 형태구문적 상이성을 어순 및 형태소 유형론적 측면에서 세밀히 대조분석(contrastive analysis)하고, 이런 상이성을 해소하기 위하여 관련 언어학적 정보를 개발하고, 또 구기반 통계기계번역에서 어떻게 효과적으로 활용하는 지를 중점적으로 보여준다.먼저 어순 유형론적으로 볼때 중국어와 한국어는 서로 매우 다른 어순을 가지고 있는데, 특히 중국어 문장에서 용언-용언 패턴을 중심으로 효과적인 구문적 재배치(syntactic reordering) 방법을 제안하고, 구기반과 계층적 구기반 통계기계번역 시스템에서 그 유효성을 검증한다. 용언-용언 패턴은 한국어로 번역될 때 먼거리 재배치(long-distance reordering) 문제를 야기시키는데, 우선 구체적으로 어떤 구조가 재배치를 통하여 번역향상에 도움이 되는지를 판별하고, 유용한 언어학적 지식을 개발하여 이 패턴의 재배치 문제를 해결한다.다음으로 중한/영일 모두 형태적으로 빈약한(morphologically-poor) 언어(고립어)에서 형태적으로 풍부한(morphologically-rich) 언어(교착어)로의 번역방향을 가지는데 이는 그 반대인 경우에 비해 번역하기가 훨씬 어려운 특징을 가지고 있다. 목표언어의 복잡한 형태소를 효과적으로 생성하는 방법으로서 특히 두 언어쌍의 번역에서 주어와 목적어의 주제불일치(thematic divergence) 문제를 해결한다. 그 이유는 중영에서는 주어와 목적어 구문관계(syntactic relation)를 어순을 통하여 암묵적으로 표현을 하지만 한일에서는 격조사를 통하여 명시적으로 표현을 할 뿐만아니라, 목표언어로 번역 될 때 구문관계의 불일치 현상 즉 주어와 목적어가 빈번하게 다른 구문관계로 번역이 되기 때문이다. 전처리를 통하여 주어와 목적어의 주제불일치 문제를 구조적 예측 모델(structured prediction model)로 전환하여 풀고, 미리 예측된 주어와 목적어의 구문관계 정보를 원시언어에 삼입하는 방법을 통하여 형태구문적 차이를 줄이고자 한다. 마지막으로 위에서 제안한 두 가지 방법을 순차적으로 결합하여 보다 일반적인 구조변환 방법을 제시한다. 먼저 원시언어의 구문적 재배치를 하고 주어와 목적어 구문관계의 주제불일치 문제를 해결하거나, 또는 먼저 주제불일치 문제를 해결하고 다음으로 구문적 재배치를 실행하는 두 가지 방법을 제안한다

Experimental study on stepless capacity regulation for reciprocating compressor based on novel rotary control valve

A capacity-regulation system based on a novel rotary control valve for reciprocating refrigeration compressor is proposed and designed for the first time. The regulation system is mainly composed of a rotary control valve and an adaptive regulation system. The structure and working principle of the rotary control valve is described in detail, and the control process of the adaptive regulation system for the valve is studied together with the program design. In addition, the parameters for the design and control of the rotary control valve are theoretically determined. To verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed system, a three-cylinder reciprocating compressor was adopted as a test device. Experimental results showed that the technology was able to realize continuous stepless capacity regulation for the compressor within the range of (0)10-100%, and power consumption decreased correspondingly with the load reduction. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved

Measurement and Analysis of Magnetic Properties of Permalloy for Magnetic Shielding Devices under Different Temperature Environments

The relative permeability, coercivity, and remanence of permalloy are closely related to the performance of magnetic shielding devices. In this paper, the relationship between the magnetic properties of permalloy and the working temperature of magnetic shielding devices is measured. Firstly, the measurement method of permalloy properties based on the simulated impact method is analyzed. What is more, a magnetic property test system consisting of a soft magnetic material tester and a high–low temperature chamber for permalloy ring samples at different temperatures was established to measure DC and AC (0.01 Hz to 1 kHz) magnetic properties at different temperatures (−60 °C to 140 °C). Finally, the results show that compared with room temperature (25 °C), the initial permeability (μi) decreases by 69.64% at −60 °C and increases by 38.23% at 140 °C, and the coercivity (hc) decreases by 34.81% at −60 °C and increases by 8.93% at 140 °C, which are the key parameters in the magnetic shielding device. It can be concluded that the relative permeability and remanence of permalloy are positively correlated with temperature, while the saturation magnetic flux density and coercivity are negatively correlated with temperature. This paper is of great significance to the magnetic analysis and design of magnetic shielding devices

Constructing a New Inter-Calibration Method for DMSP-OLS and NPP-VIIRS Nighttime Light

The anthropogenic nighttime light (NTL) data that are acquired by satellites can characterize the intensity of human activities on the ground. It has been widely used in urban development assessment, socioeconomic estimate, and other applications. However, currently, the two main sensors, Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) and Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership Satellite’s Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (NPP-VIIRS), provide inconsistent data. Hence, the application of NTL for long-term analysis is hampered. This study constructed a new inter-calibration method for DMSP-OLS and NPP-VIIRS nighttime light to solve this problem. First, NTL data were processed to obtain vicarious site across China. By comparing different candidate models, it is discovered the Biphasic Dose Response (BiDoseResp) model, which is a weighted combination of sigmoid functions, can best perform the regression between DMSP-OLS and logarithmically transformed NPP-VIIRS. The coefficient of determination of BiDoseResp model reaches 0.967. It’s residual sum of squares is 6.136 × 10 5 , which is less than 6.199 × 10 5 of Logistic function. After obtaining the BiDoseResp-calibrated VIIRS (BDRVIIRS), we smoothed it by a filter with optimal parameters to maximize the consistency. The result shows that the consistency of NTL data is greatly enhanced after calibration. In 2013, the correlation coefficient between DMSP-OLS and original NPP-VIIRS data in the China region is only 0.621, while that reaches to 0.949 after calibration. Finally, a consistent NTL dataset of China from 1992 to 2018 was produced. When compared with the existing methods, our method is applicable to the full dynamic range of DMSP-OLS. Besides, it is more suitable for country or larger scale areas. It is expected that this method can greatly facilitate the development of research that is based on the historical NTL archive

Resolving Structural Transfer Ambiguity in Chinese-to Korean Machine Translation

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Effects of the shape distribution of aerosol particles on their volumetric scattering properties and the radiative transfer through the atmosphere that includes polarization

International audienc

Advances in Utilization of Agricultural Waste Based on Production of Edible Fungi

Along with the rapid development of edible fungus industry in China, the traditional mode of production giving priority to wood chips will be severely limited, and using agricultural waste distributed widely, having large yield, and containing high content of organic matter to produce edible fungus has good economic and ecological benefit. In this paper, based on the analysis of characteristics of agricultural waste in China, the present situation of application of agricultural waste in the production of edible fungi at home and abroad was introduced, and the main problems existing in production of edible fungi by using agricultural waste in China at the present stage were pointed out. Finally, the development direction of using agricultural waste to cultivate edible fungi was discussed, and some suggestions were put forward, such as improving the theoretical system for using agricultural waste to produce edible fungi, and establishing the standardized technical system for using agricultural waste to produce edible fungi