Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of antibody drug conjugates with a new site specific method and stoechiometric conjugation based on bacterial transglutaminase enzyme

La majorité des ADC qui sont actuellement en clinique et en développement sont produits par une conjugaison chimique via les résidus lysine ou cystéine, menant à un produit hétérogène pour leur ratio toxine sur anticorps (DAR). L'objet des travaux de thèse a pour but de décrire la caractérisation in vitro et in vivo de nouveaux ADC optimisés et construits à partir de l'anticorps anti-CD30 cAC10, ayant le même squelette polypetidique que Adcetris, et de comparer les résultats à ce dernier. La transglutaminase bactérienne (BTG) a été utilisée pour conjuguer de manière site-spécifique la MMAE aux glutamines aux positions 295 et 297 du cAC10, amenant à des ADCs homogènes de DAR 4, TG-ADC. Des travaux préliminaires ont permis d’établir les conditions optimales de conjugaison avec un procédé en deux étapes. Les tests de cytotoxicité ont révélé des EC50 comparables entre Adcetris et les TG-ADC. Les données d’efficacité in vivo montrent une efficacité équivalente voire légèrement supérieure pour les TG-ADC que Adcetris. L'étude de biodistribution in vivo dans un modèle avec et sans tumeur est réalisé avec un 125-I TG-ADC et est comparé à 125I-Adcetris. Le TG ADC site spécifique montre une meilleure distribution tumorale. Adcetris a une distribution non médiée par la cible, dans le foie et la rate, plus importante. En ligne avec ces résultats, la dose maximale tolérée des TG ADC est significativement plus élevée que Adcetris chez le rat. Ces résultats suggèrent que les ADC homogènes ont une meilleure pharmacocinétique et un meilleur index thérapeutique comparés aux ADC avec des DAR hétérogènes.Most ADC that are currently in clinical use or development produced by chemical conjugation of a toxin via either lysine or cysteine residues, inevitably leading to heterogeneous products with variable drug-to-antibody ratios (DARs). Here, we describe the in vitro and in vivo characterization of novel ADCs that are based on the anti-CD30 antibody cAC10, which has the same polypeptide backbone as Adcetris, and compare the results with the latter. Bacterial transglutaminase (BTG) was exploited to site-specifically conjugate derivatives of MMAE to the glutamines at position 295 and 297 of cAC10, yielding homogeneous ADCs with a DAR of 4, TG-ADC. Preliminary works have led to define optimal conditions for conjugation, but also define a two step process. In vitro cell toxicity experiments revealed comparable EC50-values for Adcetris and TG-ADC. The efficacy data have shown slightly better efficacy for TG-ADC compared to Adcetris. Quantitative time-dependent in vivo biodistribution studies in normal and xenografted mice were performed with a selected 125I TG ADC and compared with 125I-Adcetris. Adcetris has an higher liver and spleen unspecific uptakes. In line with these results, the maximum tolerated dose of the BTG-coupled ADC (> 60 mg/kg) was significantly higher than that of ADCETRIS® (18 mg/kg) in rats. These results suggest that homogenous ADCs display improved pharmacokinetics and better therapeutic indexes compared to chemically modified ADCs with variable DARs

Phosphostim® 200 (stabilisation par lyophilisation)

La lyophilisation est une technique permettant la dessiccation sous vide de produits liquides préalablement congelés à basse température. Toute la complexité du procédé réside dans l'adaptation des paramètres temps, température et pression, pour les trois étapes qui sont congélation, dessiccation primaire et dessiccation secondaire, au produit. Le BrHPP, principe actif du produit fini PHOSPHOSTIM® 200, a les caractéristiques physico-chimiques des molécules qui justifient une formulation par lyophilisation. Le développement des études de formulation de PHOSPHOSTIM® 200 au sein de la société INNATE PHARMA® s'est déroulé en deux étapes avec deux objectifs distincts. Le premier challenge consistait à réaliser un produit fini pour essai clinique de phase I stable et pharmaceutiquement acceptable. Le deuxième objectif était de retravailler le cycle de lyophilisation avec la même formule et d'envisager de nouveaux mélanges d'excipients dans le but d'améliorer la stabilité du produit.GRENOBLE1-BU Médecine pharm. (385162101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Transglutaminase-Based Chemo-Enzymatic Conjugation Approach Yields Homogeneous Antibody–Drug Conjugates

Most chemical techniques used to produce antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) result in a heterogeneous mixture of species with variable drug-to-antibody ratios (DAR) which will potentially display different pharmacokinetics, stability, and safety profiles. Here we investigated two strategies to obtain homogeneous ADCs based on site-specific modification of deglycosylated antibodies by microbial transglutaminase (MTGase), which forms isopeptidic bonds between Gln and Lys residues. We have previously shown that MTGase solely recognizes Gln295 within the heavy chain of IgGs as a substrate and can therefore be exploited to generate ADCs with an exact DAR of 2. The first strategy included the direct, one-step attachment of the antimitotic toxin monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) to the antibody via different spacer entities with a primary amine functionality that is recognized as a substrate by MTGase. The second strategy was a chemo-enzymatic, two-step approach whereby a reactive spacer entity comprising a bio-orthogonal thiol or azide function was attached to the antibody by MTGase and subsequently reacted with a suitable MMAE-derivative. To this aim, we investigated two different chemical approaches, namely, thiol-maleimide and strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC). Direct enzymatic attachment of MMAE-spacer derivatives at an 80 molar excess of drug yielded heterogeneous ADCs with a DAR of between 1.0 to 1.6. In contrast to this, the chemo-enzymatic approach only required a 2.5 molar excess of toxin to yield homogeneous ADCs with a DAR of 2.0 in the case of SPAAC and 1.8 for the thiol-maleimide approach. As a proof-of-concept, trastuzumab (Herceptin) was armed with the MMAE via the chemo-enzymatic approach using SPAAC and tested <i>in vitro</i>. Trastuzumab-MMAE efficiently killed BT-474 and SK-BR-3 cells with an IC₅₀ of 89.0 pM and 21.7 pM, respectively. Thus, the chemo-enzymatic approach using MTGase is an elegant strategy to form ADCs with a defined DAR of 2. Furthermore, the approach is directly applicable to a broad variety of antibodies as it does not require prior genetic modifications of the antibody sequence

NKp46 is a diagnostic biomarker and may be a therapeutic target in gastrointestinal T-cell lymphoproliferative diseases: A CELAC study

Objectives: Primary GI T-cell lymphoproliferative diseases (T-LPD) are heterogeneous entities, which raise difficult diagnosis and therapeutic challenges. We have recently provided evidences that lymphomas complicating coeliac disease (CD) arise from innate-like lymphocytes, which may carry NK receptors (NKRs). Design: NKRs expression was compared by flow cytometry in intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) from CD, type I or type II refractory CD (RCD). NKp46 was next assessed by immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded biopsies from 204 patients with CD, RCDI, RCDII or GI T-cell lymphomas and from a validation cohort of 61 patients. The cytotoxic properties of an anti-NKp46 monoclonal antibody conjugated to pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) was tested ex vivo in human primary tumour cells isolated from fresh duodenal biopsies. Results: NKp46 (but not CD94, NKG2A, NKG2C, NKG2D) was significantly more expressed by malignant RCDII IEL than by normal IEL in CD and RCDI. In paraffin biopsies, detection of >25 NKp46+ IEL per 100 epithelial cells discriminated RCDII from CD and RCDI. NKp46 was also detected in enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphomas (EATL, 24/29) and in monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphomas (MEITL, 4/4) but not in indolent T-LPD (0/15). Treatment with anti-NKp46-PBD could efficiently and selectively kill human NKp46+ primary IEL ex vivo. Conclusion: NKp46 is a novel biomarker useful for diagnosis and therapeutic stratification of GI T-LPD. Strong preclinical rationale identifies anti-NKp46-PBD as a promising therapy for RCDII, EATL and MEITL