Representações sociais e justiça

Inexistent

From Infra-Humanization to Discrimination: The Mediation of Symbolic Threat Needs Egalitarian Norms

This set of studies tests the link between infra-humanization, symbolic threat, and discrimination within normative contexts. In two experiments, manipulating the degree of humanity of a disliked outgroup has an effect upon the discrimination towards it. The infra-humanized outgroup is more discriminated than the humanized one. Also, the perception of symbolic threat plays the role of a justifying factor for discrimination, and mediates the relationship between degrees of humanity and discrimination. Study 2 further shows that this mediation occurs only when an egalitarian norm is activated, and not when meritocracy is made salient. The discussion focuses on factors likely to prevent infra-humanization of outgroups. It also considers how norms may change the role of threat

“Back to the Future:” Ideological Dimensions of Intergroup Relations

Many phenomena studied by social psychology are based on ideologies. Ideologies are ideas or systems of ideas inspired by values and objectified in social norms about the way societies should be. This chapter guides our attention to the importance of the ideological dimension of intergroup relations. This dimensions had been emphasized aleady by Tajfel in his latest writings, but has then been largely neglected in intergroup research. This chapter covers research on explicit ideologies such as colorblindness and multiculturalism as well as equalitarianism and meritocracy, but also on rather ideology constituting fundamental beliefs such as belief in a just world, limited scope of justice, and denial of full humanity to outgroup members. The research the authors report demonstrates how ideologies and shared fundamental beliefs have a pervasive influence on people's construction of reality and can bias their judgment and their moral feelings, often undetected by their consciousness. Importantly, these processes are fundamental for the legitimization of asymmetric status and power relations between members of different social groups

Pasado, presente y posible futuro de la psicología social

In the sixties, most research in social psychology was characterized by showy experiments involving deception. The participants in these experiments were supposed to "passively" react to the situation. Because of their theoretical deficiencies and for ethical reasons as well, these showy experiments gave way increasingly to more cognitive scenarios. Context was abandoned and replaced by heuristics and memory models. This was the wave of social cognition. Here we discuss the strengths and limitations of diferent perspectives attached to the social cognition revolution. We also consider potentially fruitful new avenues of research: pragmatism in social perception studies, connectionist models, and a return to behavior.En los años sesenta, la mayor parte de la investigación realizada en psicología social estuvo caracterizada por experimentos teatrales que implicaban engaño. Se esperaba que los participantes en los experimentos reaccionaran pasivamente a la situación. Debido a sus deficiencias teóricas y a razones éticas, esos experimentos dieron paso, cada vez más a marcos más cognitivos. Se abandonó el contexto y se reemplazó por heurísticos y modelos de memoria. Fue la oleada de la cognición social. En el articulo se discute la fortaleza y las limitaciones de diferentes perspectivas vinculadas a la revolución cognitivo social. También se consideran potenciales y fructíferas nuevas vías de investigación: perspectiva pragmática en estudios de percepción social, modelos conexionistas y una vuelta a la conducta

Reactions of Juvenile Delinquents to "Justified" and "Less Justified" Movie Violence

In order to determine whether juvenile delinquents would respond to the sight of someone being beaten up the same way as previously studied university students, two-thirds of the in stitutionalized delinquents in the sample watched a brief filmed prize fight after having been insulted or treated in a neutral fashion by the experimenter's confederate. A story summary given to the subjects depicted the defeated movie character as either a callous exploiter of other persons or as a more sym pathetic individual. Immediately after the film the insulted de linquents shown the exploiter being beaten administered stronger electric shocks to the confederate than a no-movie control group and somewhat more than other provoked subjects seeing the sympathetic character being hurt. Like the university students, the delinquents had apparently regarded the exploiter's beating as "justified" aggression; and this interpretation temporarily legitimated their own attacks upon their tormentor.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68641/2/10.1177_002242787401100103.pd

Intergroup time bias and racialized social relations

Within the framework of intergroup relations, the authors analyzed the time people spent evaluating ingroup and outgroup members. They hypothesized that White participants take longer to evaluate White targets than Black targets. In four experiments, White participants were slower to form impressions of White than of Black people; that is, they showed an intergroup time bias (ITB). In Study 1 (N = 60), the ITB correlated with implicit prejudice and homogeneity. Study 2 (N = 60) showed that the ITB was independent of the type of trait in question (nonstereotypical vs. stereotypical). Study 3 (N = 100) demonstrated that ITB correlates with racism measured 3 months beforehand, is independent of motivation to control prejudice, and is not an epiphenomenon of homogeneity. In Study 4 (N = 40) participants not only showed the ITB in a racialized social context but also displayed it following a minimal group manipulation

Differential association of uniquely and non-uniquely human emotions with the ingroup and the outgroup

According to Leyens et al.’s (2000) theory, intergroup discrimination involves a differential appraisal of the ingroup’s and the outgroup’s uniquely human characteristics. Four experiments investigated how emotions that are considered uniquely (i.e. secondary emotions) and non uniquely (i.e. primary emotions) human (Demoulin et al., 2001a) are differentially associated with the ingroup and the outgroup. Using the Implicit Association Task (IAT) we found a stronger association of ingroup names with uniquely human emotions and of outgroup names with non uniquely human emotions, than the reverse. Whereas Study 2 used negative emotions, all other experiments used positive emotions. In Study 3, two IAT indices were collected: an emotional index and a standard evaluative one. While the outgroup was constituted by North African names in the first three studies, Study 4 staged French-speaking Belgians (i.e. the ingroup) versus Dutch-speaking Belgians (i.e. the outgroup). The results are discussed within the framework of psychological essentialism, according to which uniquely human characteristics form the essence of the ingroup

Pasado, presente y posible futuro de la psicología social

In the sixties, most research in social psychology was characterized by showy experiments involving deception. The participants in these experiments were supposed to "passively" react to the situation. Because of their theoretical deficiencies and for ethical reasons as well, these showy experiments gave way increasingly to more cognitive scenarios. Context was abandoned and replaced by heuristics and memory models. This was the wave of social cognition. Here we discuss the strengths and limitations of diferent perspectives attached to the social cognition revolution. We also consider potentially fruitful new avenues of research: pragmatism in social perception studies, connectionist models, and a return to behavior.En los años sesenta, la mayor parte de la investigación realizada en psicología social estuvo caracterizada por experimentos teatrales que implicaban engaño. Se esperaba que los participantes en los experimentos reaccionaran pasivamente a la situación. Debido a sus deficiencias teóricas y a razones éticas, esos experimentos dieron paso, cada vez más a marcos más cognitivos. Se abandonó el contexto y se reemplazó por heurísticos y modelos de memoria. Fue la oleada de la cognición social. En el articulo se discute la fortaleza y las limitaciones de diferentes perspectivas vinculadas a la revolución cognitivo social. También se consideran potenciales y fructíferas nuevas vías de investigación: perspectiva pragmática en estudios de percepción social, modelos conexionistas y una vuelta a la conducta

Psychological essentialism and the differential attribution of uniquely human emotions to ingroups and outgroups

According to the psychological essentialism perspective, people tend to explain differences between groups by attributing them different essences. Given a pervasive ethnocentrism, this tendency implies that the human essence will be restricted to the ingroup whereas outgroups will receive a lesser degree of humanity. Therefore, it is argued that people attribute more uniquely human characteristics to the ingroup than to the outgroup. The present article focuses on secondary emotions that constitute such characteristics. Study 1 showed that members of high‐ and low‐status groups attribute more positive secondary emotions to the ingroup than to the outgroup. Study 2 verified that the differential attribution extended also to negative secondary emotions. No exemplars of emotions were provided in Study 3. Instead, participants had to estimate the means of two distributions of numbers that supposedly represented characteristics of the ingroup and of the outgroup. The results of this third experiment illustrated the reluctance to attribute secondary emotions to the outgroup. The findings are discussed from the perspective of psychological essentialism

The emotional side of prejudice: The attribution of secondary emotions to ingroups and outgroups

If people favor their ingroup, are especially concerned with their own group, and attribute different essences to different groups, it follows that their essence must be superior to the essence of other groups. Intelligence, language, and certain emotions are all considered to be distinctive elements of human nature or essence. The role of inteligence and language in discrimination, prejudice, and racism has already been largely investigated, and this article focuses on attributed emotions. Specifically, we investigate the idea that secondary emotions are typically human characteristics, and as such, they should be especially associated with and attributed to the ingroup. Seondary emotions may even be denied to outgroups. These differential associations and attributions of specifically human emotions to ingroups versus outgroups should affect intergroup relations. Results from several initial experiments are summarized that support our reasoning. This emotional approach to prejudice and racism is contrasted with more classic, cognitive perspectives