23 research outputs found
Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990â2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
Interpretation: By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning
Uterine artery impedance during puerperium in normotensive and chronic hypertensive pregnant women
Purpose: The present study compared the Doppler flow
pulsatility indices (PI) in the uterine arteries (UtA) during
the puerperium between healthy women and those with
stage-1 essential hypertension who had uncomplicated
pregnancies and delivered by elective caesarean section.
The change in the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and body
mass index (BMI) over time was also assessed.
Methods: A longitudinal and prospective study was performed in singleton pregnancies of 28 normotensive (NT)
and 24 hypertensive (HT) women. The UtA-PI was measured immediately before caesarean section (time 0) and at
1 week (time 1) and 4 weeks (time 2) postpartum. The
presence or absence of early diastolic notches was recorded. The change in the MAP, BMI, and UtA-PI over time
and between the two populations was modelled through
multivariate linear regression using the generalised least
squares.
Results: In both groups, the UtA-PI significantly increased
from time 0 to time 1 (p\0.05) and time 2 (p\0.05).
Stage-1 hypertension did not change the trend but did
increase the UtA-PI magnitude (p\0.05). The presence of
uterine artery notching increased over time, from 6 to
98 %, in both groups (p\0.001); however, in the HT
group, at time 1, the majority of women exhibited positive
notching [92 % (HT) vs 57 % (NT), p = 0.013].
Conclusions: Chronic stage-1 hypertensive women with
normal pregnancy outcomes exhibited a progressively
increasing postpartum UtA impedance. This trend also
occurred in normotensive women, albeit at a significantly
lower magnitude. </p
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Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Efficacy of Recombinant Antithrombin Versus Placebo in Preterm Preeclampsia
BACKGROUND: Despite expectant management, preeclampsia remote from term usually results in preterm delivery. Antithrombin, which displays antiinflammatory and anticoagulant properties, may have a therapeutic role in treating preterm preeclampsia, a disorder characterized by endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and activation of the coagulation system.
OBJECTIVE: This randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial aimed to evaluate whether intravenous recombinant human antithrombin could prolong gestation and therefore improve maternal and fetal outcomes.
STUDY DESIGN: We performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial at 23 hospitals. Women were eligible if they had a singleton pregnancy, early-onset or superimposed preeclampsia at 23 0/7 to 30 0/7 weeks' gestation, and planned expectant management. In addition to standard therapy, patients were randomized to receive either recombinant human antithrombin 250 mg loading dose followed by a continuous infusion of 2000 mg per 24 hours or an identical saline infusion until delivery. The primary outcome was days gained from randomization until delivery. The secondary outcome was composite neonatal morbidity score. A total of 120 women were randomized.
RESULTS: There was no difference in median gestational age at enrollment (27.3 weeks' gestation for the recombinant human antithrombin group [range, 23.1-30.0] and 27.6 weeks' gestation for the placebo group [range, 23.0-30.0]; P=.67). There were no differences in median increase in days gained (5.0 in the recombinant human antithrombin group [range, 0-75] and 6.0 for the placebo group [range, 0-85]; P=.95). There were no differences between groups in composite neonatal morbidity scores or in maternal complications. No safety issues related to recombinant human antithrombin were noted in this study, despite the achievement of supraphysiological antithrombin concentrations.
CONCLUSION: The administration of recombinant human antithrombin in preterm preeclampsia neither prolonged pregnancy nor improved neonatal or maternal outcomes
Islamic economics: a survey of the literature
A central thesis of this paper is that social science is the study of human experience, and hence is strongly conditioned by history. Modern Western political, economic and social structures have emerged as a consequence of the repudiation of religion associated with the Enlightenment and are based on secular principles. Many of these are inimical to Islamic principles, and cannot be adapted to an Islamic society. Muslim societies achieved freedom from colonial rule in the first half of the twentieth century and have sought to construct institutions in conformity with Islam. The development of Islamic economics is part of this process of transition away from Western colonial institutions. This paper is a survey of the literature on Islamic economics, which focuses on the contrasts between Western economic theories and Islamic approaches to the organization of economic affairs
Endothelial activation and cell adhesion molecule concentrations in pregnant women living at high altitude
Objectives:Maternal physiology at high altitude could be considered to resemble an intermediate state between preeclampsia and normal pregnancy. The objective of the current study was to determine if cell adhesion molecules, known to be increased in preeclampsia, are increased with chronic maternal and placental hypoxia (due to high-altitude residence) in the absence of preeclampsia.
Methods:Serum was collected from women residing at 3100 m or 1600 m in the three trimesters of pregnancy and postpartum. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), E-selectin, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Results:General linear model (GLM) repeated measures analysis of VCAM-1, E-selectin, and ICAM-1 data showed there were no statistically signiciant effects of gestation within either the high- or moderate-altitude groups or between the different altitude.
Conclusion:The increase in cell adhesion molecules reported in preeclampsia is not present in pregnant women at high altitude, suggesting that maternal systemic hypoxia is not responsible for this pathway of endothelial cell activation in preeclampsia