THE ROLE OF TRAMWAYS IN THE FUTURE BUDAPEST TRANSPORT SYSTEM

This paper reviews the exciting plans for the construction of a Metro Network and the reduction in the roll of tramways, against the background of the anticipated grouth in car ownership. The construction of the Metro will be too slow to meet the competition for passenger traffic from private cars. With no measwes to car traffic, public transport will experience a reduction of demand and the road network increasing congestion. The paper argues that the best policy may be to invest the capital finds available, after Metro line 3 reaches the Újpest District centre, in the gradual upgrading of the tramway network to an "Express" standard. with at greating speed of 25 km/W, stops about 0.5 km tramlines separate from other road traffic, and the pre-emption of traffic signals to remoye the effects of general traffic congestion. Such a policy could be completed by 2000 giving a fast rail network including Metro of over 150 km, providing a competitive alternative to the private car

AN ENERGY STRATEGY FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS

The paper describes the energy consumption processes in a public transport system and identifies areas where savings can be made. An assessment is undertaken of the cost of achieving energy savings, the effectiveness of those savings and a priority proposed for realising them. The paper also discusses the role of different fuels and the trends in future availability. From this proposals are made for changing fuel sourcesm, to make public transport less vulnerable to market price fluctuations

The woman, partner and midwife: An integration of three perspectives of labour when intrapartum transfer from a birth centre to a tertiary obstetric unit occurs

Background: When transfer in labour takes place from a birth centre to a tertiary maternity hospital the woman, her partner and the midwife (the triad) are involved, representing three different perspectives. The purpose of this paper is to explore the integration of these intrapartum transfer experiences for the birth triad. Methods: Giorgi's descriptive phenomenological method of analysis was used to explore the 'lived' experiences of Western Australian women, their partners and midwives across the birth journey. Forty-five interviews were conducted. Findings: Findings revealed that experiences of intrapartum transfer were unique to each member of the triad (woman, partner and midwife) and yet there were also shared experiences. All three had three themes in common: 'The same journey through three different lenses'; 'In my own world' and 'Talking about the birth'. The woman and partner shared two themes: 'Lost birth dream' and 'Grateful to return to a familiar environment'. The woman and midwife both had: 'Gratitude for continuity of care model' and the partner and midwife both found they were: 'Struggling to adapt to a changing care model' and their 'Inside knowledge was not appreciated'. Conclusion: Insight into the unique integrated experiences during a birth centre intrapartum transfer can inform midwives, empowering them to better support parents through antenatal education before and by offering discussion about the birth and transfer after. Translation of findings to practice also reinforces how midwives can support their colleagues by recognising the accompanying midwife's role and knowledge of the woman

Maunalua Bay Stream Retrofitting Report

Analysis of potential retrofitting options for streams in order to reduce sedimentation loads entering the Maunalua Bay, Oahu. We conclude that this is a system-wide issue that cannot be solved with retrofitting alone.Malama Maunalu

Stress in caregivers of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities: the role of support.

Caregivers of individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD) experience high rates of stress, which leads to difficulties for both caregivers and care receivers. A relationship was found between caregiver stress and unmet needs for support or services. This study used the General Social Survey: Caregiving and Care Receiving to explore caregiver service needs, service access and relationship between services and stress. Results from this study found an increase in caregiver stress was related to an increased need for services. Caregiver stress was increased in people who received formal support services and was decreased in people who had informal support. Caregivers who received funding were more likely to report they were stressed. Compared to formal support and demographic factors, caregivers who received informal support were 2.85 times more likely to report not experiencing stress related to caregiving duties

Clinical academic career pathway for nursing and allied health professionals: clinical academic role descriptors

The clinical academic pathway outlined highlights the range of typical practice and research-focused activities that a practitioner on a clinical academic career pathway might normally engage in at different levels and points along this career path. The activities are intended as a guide for practitioners interested in learning more about the practice and research components of a clinical academic career, as well as those already employed in clinical academic roles. They may also be useful for health care organisations and Higher Education Institutions as a tool for developing clinical academic roles

The Influence of Menstruation on Training Schedules in Well-Trained and Elite Female Mountain Bike, Road and Cyclocross Athletes

Female physiology is unique and driven by fluctuations in sex hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle. These hormones present myriad mechanisms that may influence physiological systems, potentially implicating exercise performance. However, research exploring the MC in athletes is limited. This study investigated if training status (well-trained/elite) influenced MC-related symptoms , training schedules, sleep quality, arousal, and alertness of elite and well-trained female mountain bike, road, and cyclocross athletes. Fifteen well-trained (n= 7) and elite (n= 8) cyclists (age: 29 ± 7yrs, height: 1.7 ± 0.1m, body mass: 61.9 ± 7.7kg) tracked their MC symptoms, basal body temperature, body mass, sleep, arousal, and alertness measures daily for three months. The MC was split into two phases, follicular and luteal, and participants were provided ovulation kits to identify the phases. The most reported symptoms were fatigue, bloating, abdominal pain, and cramping. Athletes' BBT was significantly greater (p0.05) in body mass, sleep duration and quality, alertness and arousal were observed between well-trained and elite athletes. Further, no significant differences between statuses for any training variables, average or maximum heart rate, training load (bTRIMP), average or maximum speed, and rate of perceived exertion were observed. The MC did not influence physiological responses and training variables in well-trained and elite mountain bike, road, and cyclocross female athletes. Nevertheless, individual fluctuations were present, and it is recommended that athletes monitor their own MC to optimize training and ultimately performance

A wide-ranging computational comparison of high-performance graph colouring algorithms

This paper reviews the current state of the literature surrounding methods for the general graph colouring problem and presents a broad comparison of six high-performance algorithms, each belonging to one of the main algorithmic schemes identified. Unlike many previous computational studies in graph colouring, a large range of both artificially generated and real-world graphs are considered, culminating in over 40,000 individual trials that have consumed more than a decade of computation time in total. The picture painted by the comparison is complex, with each method outperforming all others on at least one occasion; however, general patterns are also observed, particularly with regards to the advantages of hybridising local-search techniques with global-based operators