Lewis, Rachel Lesley

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University of Tennessee, Knoxville: Trace

University of Tennessee, KnoxvilleTrace: Tennessee Research and CreativeExchangeUniversity of Tennessee Honors Thesis Projects University of Tennessee Honors ProgramSpring 5-2002Breastfeeding and Adult Health IndicatorsRachel Lesley LewisUniversity of Tennessee - KnoxvilleFollow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoprojThis is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Tennessee Honors Program at Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. Ithas been accepted for inclusion in University of Tennessee Honors Thesis Projects by an authorized administrator of Trace: Tennessee Research andCreative Exchange. For more information, please contact trace@utk.edu.Recommended CitationLewis, Rachel Lesley, "Breastfeeding and Adult Health Indicators" (2002). University of Tennessee Honors Thesis Projects.https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj/567UNIVERSITY HONORS PROGRAM SENIOR PROJECT - APPROVAL Name: Ka.cVttl t;GW!S --~~~~~~~---------------------------------------College: N \A V<; \ ~ Department: ____________________ __ Faculty Mentor: 12v. MLlUr-ct.v1 fnrocv PROJECT TITLE 1m: ~cd I ~ Q,!.:l til ful l,( It- H-ettlht l ~ Ico.:il:))/<;. I have reviewed this completed senior honors thesis with this student and certify that it is a project commensurate with honors level undergraduate research in this field. Signed: ~c.u.....n Q Q~ ~..;.;..... 7<0 PlJ), Faculty Mentor Date: .; I ~ I 0 2--Comments (Optional): Breastfeeding and Adult Health Indicators Rachel L. Lewis Dr. Maureen Groer RUNNING HEAD: Breastfeeding Breastfeeding and Adult Health Indictors Senior Honors Project Rachel Lewis Beth Dalton, RN Dr. Maureen Graer, RN, MSN, PhD Breastfeeding 1 Breastfeeding 2 Although there are many benefits to breastfeeding an infant, only 59.7% of women in the United States are breastfeeding their infants when they leave the hospital. This number drops to 30% during the first few months (Ryan 1997). Many reasons can factor into a mothers decision whether or not to breastfeed. Some of these include lack of knowledge about breastfeeding, concern about the process of breast feeding, and difficulty breastfeeding in public (Gromada and Spangler 1998). The healthcare providers can more confidently provide information about the benefits of breast feeding as more research is completed. A lot of the research has provided data on the benefits of breast feeding for the infant and preschool age, but there is a need for research concerning breastfeeding and adulthood health. Literature Review Many research studies have concluded that breast milk contains unique components that greatly benefit the infant. The milk contains high levels of immunglobins and is a source of passive immunity. Secretory 19A, found in colostrums and mature milk, is known to have antibacterial and antiviral properties (Olds, et al 2000). It also provides antibodies for many respiratory and intestinal diseases. Infants who are formula fed have a higher incidence of ear infections, pneumonia, and gastroenteritis. Breast milk also provides protection from developing immune system problems later on such as Crohn's disease and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (Dermer and Montgomery 1997). Research has also shown benefits of breast feeding lasting until adolescence. One risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease is obesity. Gillman et aI., (2001) Breastfeeding 3 conducted a study to determine the incidence of obesity in adolescence in c01Telation to breastfeeding for six months as an infant. The study surveyed 15,341 boys and girls age nine to fourteen and also surveyed their mothers. The results were that adolescents who had breastfed had a lower incidence of obesity. They found breastfeeding to reduce the risk of adolescent obesity by 22%. Dr. Atul Singhal studied teenagers age 13-16 who were born prematurely. Two main diets were given; breast milk and preterm formula. Dr. Singhal found that the breastfed participants had a lower diastolic blood pressure and lower mean arterial blood pressure. This study was significant because high blood pressure has been shown to be a factor in cardiovascular disease (Roberts 2000). Some studies have been conducted to show the effect of breast feeding on adulthood. A study by Ravelli, van der Meulen, and Osmond (2000) researched the medical records of 625 men and women age 48-53. They concluded that breastfeeding has an influence on blood pressure, glucose levels, body mass, and plasma lipid levels. Another study showed that breastfeeding could lead to lower arterial distensiblity in adults age 20 to 28 (Lesson et al 200 I). This study contradicts previous studies that breastfeeding is protective of cardiovascular disease. The conclusion is that there needs to be more studies done to determine the effects of breastfeeding on adulthood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of breast feeding as an infant and the blood pressure, body mass index, total cholesterol, LDL, BDL, and glucose level as an adult. Our hypothesis is that breastfeeding is protective of adult cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Breastfeeding 4 Methods The subjects are adults who participated in Operation Health Check. A table was set up in the room where all labs were drawn. A poster promoting the study was posted above the table where we collected the information. After labs were drawn, each person was approached about participating in the study. Only those who knew if they had been breastfed or bottle-fed were considered. Many people did not know how they were fed as an infant. Out of those they were breastfed as an infant, 26 agreed to be part of the research study. These participants answered a short questionnaire, as well as questions about their blood pressure, height, weight, and telephone number so we could retrieve the results of their lipid panel and glucose. The Human Subjects Review Committee at the University of Tennessee approved the study. From the participants' lab results, we obtained information about their total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and glucose levels. From the information given at Operation Health Check, we calculated the Body Mass Index (BMI) for each participant. To calculate the BMI, multiply weight (in pounds) by 703, multiply height (in inches) by height (in inches). Then divide the first result by the second result (CDC 2002). We took these results and charted them on our data sheet so they could then be entered into the statistical analysis system. Data Analysis Before analyzing the results of the study, we first had to determine the normal levels of the total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, glucose, as well as a normal blood pressure and body mass index. Breastfeeding 5 Normal Laboratory Values Total Cholesterol Less than 200 LDL 130-150 HDL 40-60 Glucose 60-11 0 Body Mass Index Underweight Under 18.5 Healthy 18.5-24.9 Overweight 25-29.9 Obese Over 30 (CDC 2002) Blood Pressure Blood Pressure Category Systolic (mmHg) Diastolic (mmHg) Optimal Less than 120 Less than 80 Normal Less than 130 Less than 85 High Normal 130-139 85-89 High-Stage One 140-159 90-99 High-Stage Two 160-179 100-109 High-Stage Three 180 or higher 110 or higher (Amencan Heart Association 2002) Breastfeeding 6 Discussion As the results continue to be reported, we will enter them into the statistical analysis system (SPSS). This will enable us to look at the information and determine if the results match the hypothesis that breastfeeding is protective of adult disease. Future Study Although the data collection and analysis of the research data is not complete, there are several areas of the research study design that could be improved upon for future study. A larger population would provide a more accurate view of the health benefits to adults. Also, obtaining a full medical and surgical history would allow researches to take into account genetic diseases and other conditions that cannot be influenced by one's feeding history. Future studies should also include a questionnaire filled out by the mother so that the data can be as accurate as possible. Breastfeeding 7 References American Heart Association Blood Pressure Infonnation. Retrieved on May 2, 2002 from www.americanheaI1.org/nre enter. jhtm l?identifiel= 2112. CDC Body Mass Index: United States. Retrieved on May 2,2002 from http://www.cdc.gov/nccdrhp/dllpafbmi/index.htm. Dermer, A. & Montgomery, A. (1997). Breastfeeding: good for babies, mothers, and the planet. Retrieved on April 22, 2002 from http ://medicalreporter.health.org/tmr0297/breastfeed0297.html Gillman, M.W., Rifas-Shiman, S.L., Camargo, C.A, Berkley, C.S., Frazier, AL., Rockett, H.R.H., Field, A.E., & Colditz, G.A (2001). Risk of overweight among adolescents who were breastfed as infants. Journal of the American Medical Association. 285(19): 2461-2467. Gromada, K.K., & Spangler, AX. (1998). Breastfeeding twins and higher-order multiples. Journal of Obstetric, Gvnecologic, and Neonatal Nursing. 27(4): 441-449. Lesson, C.P.M., Kattenhorn, M. & Deanfield, J.E. (2001). Duration of breastfeeding and arterial distensiblity in early adult life: population based study. British Medical Journal. 322: 643-647. Olds, S., London, M., & Ladewig, P. (2000). Maternal-Newborn nursing: A family centered approach. (6th ed). Menlo Park, CA: Addison Wesley. Ravelli, AC.J., van der Meulen, lH., & Osmond, C. (2000). Infant feeding and adult glucose tolerance, lipid profile, blood pressure, and obesity. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 82(3): 248-252. Breastfeeding 8 Roberts, S.B. (2001). Prevention of hypertension in adulthood by breastfeeding? The Lancet. 357: 406-407. Ryan, A.S. (1997). The resurgence of breast feeding in the U.S. Pediatrics. 99(4): E12. • 59.7% breastfeed while in the hospital nationally Southeast: • Caucasian 51.20/0 • African American 25% Advantages "for the Infant Lower incidence of infant allergies ~~. , "".~ r -~ ~. I, I - .lor .rj ,r I Closer maternal/infant bond -=- C' ..:.-1, ." ..... I - , • 1""]'" - • .r', r.. . Passive i~munity passed by mother ~- JI _ I lil' . ~ "-Convenience I .• - ..• " Financial savings Education , ...J [] -, _ r- ~ , _. .;; ... Socioeconomic .. ". - ,. . ,~ . -Maternal attitudes - -" ~. r Workplace environment . . ... . Opip.ions of significant others Hypothesis: " .• .~- ,:::l Jr _ 11 'I-.' _Jr- . I • Breastfeeding is protective of adult diseases including cardiovascular disease and diabetes Objective: to design a study to determine if there is a correlation between breastfeeding and adult health Dr. Atul Singhal study • 216 premature babies studied Breastfed babies had lower blood pressures at ages 13-16 than the bottle-fed Adolescent Obesity and l3reastfeeding - .' - --. 1,1 .~ :.. .i~15,OOO adolescents age 9 to 14 Questionnaires to both child an~ mother • ·F ound that breastfeeding during the frrst 6 months of.Jife lowered the risk of obesity of an adolescent by 22% 625 subjects age 48-53 Data from medical records - ~ -.. ' . • Concluded that breastfeeding has an influence on blood pressure, plasma lipid levels, glucose tolerance and body mass " LiteratiireReview British and DutchResearch sfudy 1 ~ • 624 both men and women it ~"''-. 11 ," ';' • • :Lower cholesterol levels ifbreast-fed • Men and women who had been breast fed as an infant ""-.....:".::l '~ ",1.:-:::1 II '.' .... ~ c-;' - I(J • - ~;:::J II _. ~ 1 -:=--=: .r~ -.... r]~~l I "'1 ';. ::' V"'l..J:1..-· ~ ~. ' •. • Agreed to have a serum lipid panel and glllcose level drawn at Operation Health Check Questionnaire .. Were you breastfed as an il1fant? trow long were you breastfed? Obtaining the Data 1- . • . Ph.one call to each participant to determine the serum levels of cholesterol, LDL, :EIDL, and glucose .. J.... _::,.'r1l. '.~ "-:1'- o. 'l. I "1'.J_ :eMI calculated for each participant based on height and weight N ormaL-Lab Values Less than 200 130-150 .: - ? I. =-I .~ i I j .1 H _. 40-60 " Glucose 60-110 BCddy 'Mass Jndex (BMI) To calculate your BMI: -. - j· .. ·l _=- I Multiply your weight (in pounds) by 704.5 - Multiply your height (in inclles) by your heigllt (ill inches) - , Divide the first resllit by the second result Body Mass Index (BMI) Example: 1.' ~ ~:~ f • ~ , r • I . I Client: is 5' 1 " and weighs 116 lbs Normal 120/80 . . -• ~. J :: '- '[ Borderline Hypertension 130/85 'I , .... I - n . }"c' 1'1,' _..--= 140/90 • 26 men and women , -~ '1· ~ Ages 25-75 ... • Most are employees at -UT As soon as data is collected, tb.e values will be entered into a statistical analysis system(SPSS). ,rhis will enable us to look a the information and determine if the results match the hypothesis. . .. , . '- ; Compare each participants: , >-.I".~' -' v:;. "I,. • • -:- ..:::::, 1 " 11 ..... Blood Pressure r •• , - .., ~ .Lipid panel (Cholesterol, LDL, !iD'L) If the hypothesis of this study is proven, by the results, it win'ip-dicate another reason -why women should breastfeed their newborns. Further ,Study :Further research is needed to prove what '.~..1 ~ ~ results we obtained at -Operation Health Check Suggestiol}s for ,~Future Study A larger population Obtain a full medical ..... and surgical history ' .. ~.' .. Observe participants over a longer period of time Include a nutritional I ~ study ~ ,1 ~ 'I, " I - I Interview both mother and c11ild Include both . .. -. -breastfed and bottle-fed adults 

Breastfeeding and Adult Health Indicators

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Breastfeeding and Adult Health Indicators

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