Factors determining the fluctuation of fluoride concentrations in PM10 aerosols in the urbanized coastal area of the Baltic Sea (Gdynia, Poland)

Fluoride concentrations were determined in PM10 samples collected in the urbanized coastal area of the Baltic Sea (Gdynia) in the period between 1 August 2008 and 8 January 2010. F(−) concentrations remained within the range of 0.4–36.6 ng · m(−3). The economic transformations which have taken place in Poland increasing ecological awareness have had an excellent effect on the levels of fluoride pollution in the air of the studied region. In our measurements, fluoride concentrations increased in wintertime, when air temperature dropped, at low wind speeds (<1 m · s(−1)) and with low dispersion of pollutants originating from local sources (traffic, industry, domestic heating). At times when wind speed grew to >10 m · s(−1), fluorides were related to marine aerosols or else brought from distant sources. Apart from wind speed and air temperature, other significant meteorological parameters which determined the variability of F(−) turned out to be air humidity and precipitation volume. Aerosols were washed out effectively, even with small precipitation (h = 4 mm), and if a dry period lasted for several days, their concentrations grew rapidly to over 30.0 ng · m(−3)

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere of the Baltic Sea Region

The paper presents a review of publications on the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of the Baltic Sea Region (BSR). It indicates the main emission sources of these substances, related to anthropogenic activity. These include incomplete combustion of fuels in engines on land and from marine transportation, as well as the burning of coal in the community sector. High PAH concentrations in the air are also related to increased industrial activity in urban areas. In the Baltic Sea Region, Germany and Poland have been determined to be responsible for the greatest proportion of PAH emissions. However, the highest number of exceedances of the accepted annual norm for benzo(a)pyrene concentrations was recorded in Poland

The contamination of bottom sediments in the Southern Baltic with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

The study involved a comparative analysis of PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) concentrations in the bottom sediments of the southern part of the Baltic Sea. It was determined that the contamination of sediments with PHAs is considerable (>500 ng/g), with the predominance of pyrogenic PAHs. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons become deposited mainly in anaerobic or extremely anaerobic areas, with a large proportion of the <0.063 mm fraction and a sizeable content of organic matter. In the studied regions, the contamination of sediments was the consequence of anthropogenic activity

Postępowanie w tikach i zespole Gillesa de la Tourette’a — rekomendacje grupy ekspertów

Tiki to gwałtowne, szybkie, nawracające i nierytmiczne ruchy (tiki ruchowe) lub wokalizacje (tiki głosowe). Tiki są stałym objawem zespołu Gillesa de la Tourette’a (GTS, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome), z którymi często współistnieją zaburzenia psychiatryczne. W pracy przedstawiono epidemiologię, patofizjologię, naturalny przebieg, kryteria diagnostyczne, symptomatologię, rokowanie i różnicowanie w GTS. Głównym celem prezentowanych rekomendacji interdyscyplinarnej grupy ekspertów jest przedstawienie postępowania terapeutycznego i sposobów leczenia tików u dzieci i osób dorosłych z GTS

Peri-operative red blood cell transfusion in neonates and infants: NEonate and Children audiT of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe: A prospective European multicentre observational study

BACKGROUND: Little is known about current clinical practice concerning peri-operative red blood cell transfusion in neonates and small infants. Guidelines suggest transfusions based on haemoglobin thresholds ranging from 8.5 to 12 g dl-1, distinguishing between children from birth to day 7 (week 1), from day 8 to day 14 (week 2) or from day 15 (≥week 3) onwards. OBJECTIVE: To observe peri-operative red blood cell transfusion practice according to guidelines in relation to patient outcome. DESIGN: A multicentre observational study. SETTING: The NEonate-Children sTudy of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe (NECTARINE) trial recruited patients up to 60 weeks' postmenstrual age undergoing anaesthesia for surgical or diagnostic procedures from 165 centres in 31 European countries between March 2016 and January 2017. PATIENTS: The data included 5609 patients undergoing 6542 procedures. Inclusion criteria was a peri-operative red blood cell transfusion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary endpoint was the haemoglobin level triggering a transfusion for neonates in week 1, week 2 and week 3. Secondary endpoints were transfusion volumes, 'delta haemoglobin' (preprocedure - transfusion-triggering) and 30-day and 90-day morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Peri-operative red blood cell transfusions were recorded during 447 procedures (6.9%). The median haemoglobin levels triggering a transfusion were 9.6 [IQR 8.7 to 10.9] g dl-1 for neonates in week 1, 9.6 [7.7 to 10.4] g dl-1 in week 2 and 8.0 [7.3 to 9.0] g dl-1 in week 3. The median transfusion volume was 17.1 [11.1 to 26.4] ml kg-1 with a median delta haemoglobin of 1.8 [0.0 to 3.6] g dl-1. Thirty-day morbidity was 47.8% with an overall mortality of 11.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate lower transfusion-triggering haemoglobin thresholds in clinical practice than suggested by current guidelines. The high morbidity and mortality of this NECTARINE sub-cohort calls for investigative action and evidence-based guidelines addressing peri-operative red blood cell transfusions strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02350348

PATHOLOGY OF INFORMATION AND THE INFORMATION WARFARE. PRESENTATION OF THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS

Celem artykułu będzie analiza wybranego elementu składowego wojny hybrydowej, czyli oddziaływania informacji w obszarze społeczno-psychologicznym. Wojna hybrydowa to swoista gra, proces rozgrywający się w pewnej rzeczywistości (obszarze), a uczestnicy (aktorzy) zostają w ową grę wciągnięci i nie potrafią się w niej odnaleźć1 . Gra uwarunkowana jest czasem i miejscem, a jej zrozumienie jest w pewnym stopniu ograniczone, ponieważ aktor nie potrafi objąć poznawczo wszystkich jej elementów2 . Istotnym pytaniem, jakie nasuwa się na samym początku, jest pytanie o to, czym właściwie jest patologia informacji? W niniejszym artykule postaram się na nie odpowiedzieć oraz na podstawie schematu przedstawię, jak działa patologia informacji.My goal will be to analyze the selected component of a hybrid war, which is the impact of information in the socio-psychological field. Hybrid warfare is a kind of game, a process that takes place in some reality (area), and participants (actors) are drawn into this game and can not be found in it. The game is conditioned by time and place, and its understanding is somewhat limited, because the actor can not encompass cognitively of all its elements. An important question, which arises at the very beginning, is what exactly is this pathology of information? In this article I will try to answer it and – on the basis of the scheme – I will present how the pathology of information works