116 research outputs found

    Country report Poland

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    Alternative Tax-Benefit Strategies to Support Children in the European Union. Recent Reforms in Austria, Spain and the UK

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    We compare three EU countries that have recently experienced substantial but very different reforms of their family support systems: Austria, Spain and the UK. The structure of these systems is different: Austria emphases universal benefits, Spain tax concessions and the UK means-tested benefits. First the paper compares the distributional implications of these three approaches. The recent reforms have reinforced existing structures while increasing the amount of spending for children. The second step is to ask: What would have happened if these countries had transformed the architecture of their systems in either of the other two directions? We use EUROMOD, the European tax-benefit microsimulation model that is designed for making cross-country comparisons and answering “what if” questions such as these. We find that the three factors that can be distinguished – the level of spending, its structure, and the way it impacts in a national context – are all important to varying degrees.Children, European Union, Policy Reform, Microsimulation

    Inequalities within Couples: Market Incomes and the Role of Taxes and Benefits in Europe

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    In spite of there being few elements of tax or cash benefit systems in developed countries that are any longer explicitly gender-biased in a discriminatory sense, it is well recognised that they have significant gender effects. To the extent that women earn less than men on average under tax-benefit systems that are progressive, there is some redistribution from men to women overall. However, an aggregate perspective is insufficient for understanding how earning opportunities and public policies affect living arrangements at the family level in general and the circumstances of men and women in particular. Arguably, it is within the household that a gendered division of labour is most relevant. It is difficult to observe how income and other resources get allocated within households. We can, however, observe the incomes brought into the household and to what extent taxes and benefits mitigate (or indeed exacerbate) any inequality of income between men and women. We explore the effects of tax and benefit systems on differences in income and in incentives to earn income between men and women within couples in a selection of the member countries of the European Union (EU) using EUROMOD, the EU tax-benefit microsimulation model. This comparative perspective allows us to establish the relative effects of different policy regimes, given the underlying characteristics of each national population, using a consistent approach and set of incidence assumptions across countries.within-household inequality, tax-benefit systems, Europe, gender

    Retenciones a cuenta, nĂșmero de declarantes y simplicidad en el nuevo IRPF

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    Uno de los objetivos de la reforma del Impuesto sobre la Renta de las Personas Fisicas, llevada a cabo en 1998, era reducir su complejidad. Una de las principales estrategias seguidas pretendia reducir el numero de declarantes mediante el ajuste de las retenciones a cuenta a la cuota liquida del impuesto de los contribuyentes con rendimientos del trabajo por cuenta ajena. En este trabajo se estudia hasta que punto la reforma consigue cumplir sus propositos, haciendo uso de EspaSim, un modelo de microsimulacion de impuestos y subsidios sociales para Espana. El numero de individuos no obligados a declarar se reduce significativamente con la reforma hasta aproximadamente un 40 por 100 del total de contribuyentes. No obstante, la cantidad de declaraciones de renta remitidas a la Agencia Tributaria se reduce mucho menos, puesto que el nuevo sistema de retenciones ajusta correctamente la cuota liquida de solo el 37 por 100 de los contribuyentes no obligados a declarar. Ademas, el nuevo sistema aumenta hasta 7,6 mil millones de euros las sobrerretenciones. Se constata que ni los cambios normativos mas recientes (Ley 46/2002) ni una reduccion del numero de tramos de la escala de gravamen a un tipo unico (dejando el resto de parametros inalterados) consiguen una reduccion significativa del numero de declarantes ni de la brecha retencion-cuota liquida.One of the aims of the Personal Income Tax reform introduced in 1998 was precisely to reduce the former's complexity. One of the main strategies implemented was designed to reduce the number of taxpayers filing returns by adjusting the direct deductions on taxable amount for persons obtaining remuneration for salaried employment. This work uses EspaSim, a micro-simulation model for taxes and social subsidies in Spain, to study the degree to which the reform achieved its purpose. The reform significantly reduced the number of individuals who are not obliged to file tax returns, to approximately 40 per 100 of the total number of taxpayers. Nevertheless, the number of tax returns submitted to the Tax Authority fell by considerably less than this figure, since the new system of deductions correctly adjusts the taxable amount for just 37 per 100 of taxpayers who are not obliged to file returns. Furthermore, the new system increases the amount of excess withholdings to 7,6 bn euros. It is noted that neither the most recent legal amendments (Law 46/2002) nor a reduction in the number of income bands in the tax scale at a single-rate (leaving the rest of parameters unaltered) achieve a significant reduction in the number of taxpayers filing returns or serve to close the withholdings-taxable amount gap

    Eficacia y eficiencia de los subsidios asistenciales en la lucha contra la pobreza en España: Una valoración a partir de EspaSim

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    SegĂșn las estimaciones presentadas en este trabajo, el actual sistema de subsidios asistenciales reduce notablemente la pobreza extrema - entre un 41 y un 54 por ciento segĂșn el Ă­ndice de pobreza considerado. TambiĂ©n tiene un impacto importante sobre la intensidad y severidad de la pobreza segĂșn el umbral recomendado por Eurostat (entre un 32 y un 41 por ciento). Se ha demostrado que el elemento mĂĄs importante dentro de este conjunto protector es el subsidio de desempleo en lo que se refiere tanto a su efectividad como a su eficiencia como instrumento de combate de la pobreza, seguido del complemento de mĂ­nimo de pensiones y las pensiones no contributivas de vejez. La eficiencia vertical de estos programas se sitĂșa, en media, en un 57 por ciento mientras que la eficiencia en la reducciĂłn de la pobreza es de un 47 por ciento. El conjunto de prestaciones contributivas del sistema de seguridad social, tiene un efecto sobre la pobreza mucho mĂĄs importante que el sistema de subsidios asistenciales. Las prestaciones contributivas reducen la pobreza extrema entre un 73 y un 88 por ciento y la pobreza moderada entre un 44 y un 78 por ciento, segĂșn el Ă­ndice de pobreza utilizado.subsidios asistenciales, Renta MĂ­nima de InserciĂłn, pobreza, España.

    Household Incomes and Redistribution in the European Union: Quantifying the Equalising Properties of Taxes and Benefits

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    The systems of direct taxes and cash benefits in the Member States of the European Union vary considerably in size and structure. We explore their direct impacts on cross-sectional income inequality (termed "redistributive effect" for the purpose of this paper) using EUROMOD, a tax-benefit microsimulation model for the European Union. This relies on harmonised household micro-data representative of each national population together with simulations of entitlements to cash benefits and liabilities for taxes and social contributions. It allows us to draw a more comprehensive – and comparable – picture of the combined effects of transfers and taxes than is usually possible. We decompose the redistributive effect of taxbenefit systems to assess and compare the effectiveness of individual policies at reducing income disparities. We derive results for the 15 "old" members of the European Union and present them for each country separately as well as for the EU-15 as a whole.Income inequality, Redistribution, Microsimulation, European Union

    Inequalities within couples: market incomes and the role of taxes and benefits in Europe

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    In spite of there being few elements of tax or cash benefit systems in developed countries that are any longer explicitly gender-biased in a discriminatory sense, it is well recognised that they have significant gender effects. To the extent that women earn less than men on average under tax-benefit systems that are progressive, there is some redistribution from men to women overall. However, an aggregate perspective is insufficient for understanding how earning opportunities and public policies affect living arrangements at the family level in general and the circumstances of men and women in particular. Arguably, it is within the household that a gendered division of labour is most relevant. It is difficult to observe how income and other resources get allocated within households. We can, however, observe the incomes brought into the household and to what extent taxes and benefits mitigate (or indeed exacerbate) any inequality of income between men and women. We explore the effects of tax and benefit systems on differences in income and in incentives to earn income between men and women within couples in a selection of the member countries of the European Union (EU) using EUROMOD, the EU tax-benefit microsimulation model. This comparative perspective allows us to establish the relative effects of different policy regimes, given the underlying characteristics of each national population, using a consistent approach and set of incidence assumptions across countries

    Eficacia y eficiencia de los subsidios asistenciales en la lucha contra la pobreza en España : Una valoración a partir de EspaSim

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    SegĂșn las estimaciones presentadas en este trabajo, el actual sistema de subsidios asistenciales reduce notablemente la pobreza extrema - entre un 41 y un 54 por ciento segĂșn el Ă­ndice de pobreza considerado. TambiĂ©n tiene un impacto importante sobre la intensidad y severidad de la pobreza segĂșn el umbral recomendado por Eurostat (entre un 32 y un 41 por ciento). Se ha demostrado que el elemento mĂĄs importante dentro de este conjunto protector es el subsidio de desempleo en lo que se refiere tanto a su efectividad como a su eficiencia como instrumento de combate de la pobreza, seguido del complemento de mĂ­nimo de pensiones y las pensiones no contributivas de vejez. La eficiencia vertical de estos programas se sitĂșa, en media, en un 57 por ciento mientras que la eficiencia en la reducciĂłn de la pobreza es de un 47 por ciento. El conjunto de prestaciones contributivas del sistema de seguridad social, tiene un efecto sobre la pobreza mucho mĂĄs importante que el sistema de subsidios asistenciales. Las prestaciones contributivas reducen la pobreza extrema entre un 73 y un 88 por ciento y la pobreza moderada entre un 44 y un 78 por ciento, segĂșn el Ă­ndice de pobreza utilizado

    Los principales elementos del nuevo IRPF : una valoraciĂłn a partir de ESPASIM

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    El Impuesto sobre la Renta de las Personas FĂ­sicas (IRPF) es uno de los instrumentos claves del sistema tributario español. En este trabajo se estudia el impacto de los principales elementos del Nuevo IRPF, a partir de ESPASIM, el primer modelo integrado de microsimulaciĂłn de impuestos y subsidios (tax-benefit) para España, que emplea micro datos procedentes de la Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares (EPF) representativos de la poblaciĂłn española. Tomando como sistema de base el impuesto sobre la renta anterior (IRPF 1998), se analiza cĂłmo la introducciĂłn de la nueva figura impositiva afecta la tributaciĂłn en tĂ©rminos de recaudaciĂłn, nĂșmero de contribuyentes y de declarantes, los tipos marginales efectivos de imposiciĂłn y impacto distributivo, tanto para el conjunto de la poblaciĂłn como por grupos de hogares. Las estimaciones que se presentan muestran que el Nuevo impuesto conlleva una reducciĂłn sustancial de la presiĂłn fiscal media por IRPF que va acompañada de una reducciĂłn del tipo marginal efectivo medio de 2,12 puntos de porcentaje. El importante coste que en tĂ©rminos recaudatorios suponen la introducciĂłn del mĂ­nimo vital personal y familiar, las nuevas escala de gravamen y deducciĂłn por rendimientos del trabajo por cuenta ajena, no contribuyen a reducir la desigualdad relativa, beneficiando sobretodo a la poblaciĂłn situada en los tramos medios y altos de la escala de renta. La reforma no beneficia tampoco ni a los hogares con cargas familiares ni a los perceptores de rendimientos por cuenta ajena, que experimentan (ambos colectivos) una reducciĂłn impositiva muy similar a la del conjunto de la poblaciĂłn. Igualmente, son los grupos relativamente mĂĄs pobres -personas solas y hogares monoparentales- los que menos ganan con la reforma. La reducciĂłn del nĂșmero de declarantes (en 2,1 millones) asociada al nuevo impuesto, va acompañada de mĂĄs complejidad legislativa y de una pĂ©rdida de generalidad de este instrumento impositivo

    The impact of Brazil's tax-benefit-system on inequality and poverty

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    The Brazilian government raises an amount of taxes that represents 35% of GDP and spends more than two-thirds of this on social programmes. These shares are in pair with the OECD averages and well in excess of Latin America averages. However, while the tax-benefit system in OECD countries notably reduces market inequality, in Brazil the government has not been able to significantly alleviate inequality and poverty. This paper investigates the impact of the government budget, particularly taxes and cash transfers, on income distribution in Brazil, and evaluates its efficiency and effectiveness in reducing inequality and poverty. The analysis also illustrates how microsimulation is a useful and powerful method for evaluating the impact of policy on income distribution
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