Untangling the effects of overexploration and overexploitation on organizational performance: The moderating role of environmental dynamism

Because a firm's optimal knowledge search behavior is determined by unique firm and industry conditions, organizational performance should be contingent oil the degree to which a firm's actual level of knowledge search deviates from the optimal level. It is thus hypothesized that deviation from the optimal search, in the form of either overexploitation or overexploration, is detrimental to organizational performance. Furthermore, the negative effect of search deviation oil organizational performance varies with environmental dynamism: that is, overexploitation is expected to become more harmful. whereas overexploration becomes less so with all increase in environmental dynamism. The empirical analyses yield results consistent with these arguments. Implications for research and practice are correspondingly discussed

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.</p

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol�which is a marker of cardiovascular risk�changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95 credible interval 3.7 million�4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world. © 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities 1,2 . This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity 3�6 . Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55 of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017�and more than 80 in some low- and middle-income regions�was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing�and in some countries reversal�of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories. © 2019, The Author(s)

Evidence for genetic heterogeneity in malignant hyperthermia susceptibility

Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility (MHS) is a clinically heterogeneous pharmacogenetic disorder characterized by accelerated metabolism, hyperthermia, and frequently muscle rigidity. MHS is elicited by all commonly used potent inhalation anesthetics and depolarizing neuromuscular blockers and remains an important cause of death due to anesthesia. Recent linkage studies suggest a single genetic locus for this disorder on chromosome 19q13.1. The results of our linkage analyses exclude several loci on 19q13.1 as a site for the gene(s) that produces the MHS phenotype in three unrelated families and clearly established genetic heterogeneity in this disorder. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the genetic defect that alters thermoregulation may vary in MHS and that clinical variability in the expression of MHS may be explained by genetic heterogeneity

Cultivar de trigo IAC-24: rendimento de grãos e caracteres agronômicos em três faixas de umidade do solo Wheat cultivar IAC-24: grain yield and agronomic characters under three moisture levels

Num experimento conduzido em casa de vegetação, no Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, SP, em 1985, para estudar o comportamento do cultivar de trigo IAC-24 em três faixas de umidade (0,01-0,03; 0,03-0,50 e 0,50-1,50 MPa), empregaram-se vasos contendo latossolo roxo eutrófico e determinaram-se os seguintes caracteres agronômicos: comprimento da espiga, número de espigas por vaso e por planta, número total de espiguetas e espiguetas desenvolvidas por espiga, número de grãos por espigueta e por espiga e rendimento de grãos. Com o aumento da água disponível no solo, houve acréscimo significativo em todos os caracteres estudados, exceto para grãos por espigueta. Para as condições deste experimento e para os caracteres agronômicos estudados, a faixa de umidade crítica foi de 0,03-0,50 MPa. Desse modo, à medida que a água disponível desceu abaixo dessa faixa, ocorreu um decréscimo acentuado no rendimento de grãos e nos componentes de produção. Na comparação de uso das faixas de umidade do solo de 0,03-0,50 e 0,01-0,03 MPa, houve acréscimos de 39% no rendimento de grãos. Assim, a escolha da faixa de umidade a ser utilizada é de grande importância na produção de grãos e na economicidade da cultura.<br>An experiment with the objective to study the behaviour of the wheat cultivar IAC-24 under three moisture levels (0.01-0.03; 0.03-0.50 and 0.50-1.50 MPa), using pots with soil (Latossolo Roxo eutrófico) was carried out under green-house conditions at Instituto Agronômico, Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil, during 1985. It was measured spike lenght, number of spikes per pot and per plant, total number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spikelet and per spike and grain yield as affected by the three soil moisture levels. All characters increased significantly as the water availability in the soil increased from 0.50-1.50 to 0.01-0.03 MPa. In the experiment the critical moisture level was 0.50 to 0.03 MPa; so as the water potential decreased below this level there was a decrease in grain yield and in the agronomic characteristics. Changing the moisture level of the soil from 0.03-0.50 to 0.01-0.03 MPa, there was a significant increase in the grain yield. The moisture level showed to be very important in studies where grain yield and economic value of the crop are involved