Are treatment guides and rational drug use policies adequately exploited in combating respiratory system diseases?

SummaryThe aim of the present study was to increase awareness regarding the rational use of medicines. The data were obtained via the Material Resources Management System Module of the Ministry of Health. For the appropriateness of treatments, the Global Initiative for Asthma, the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, and the guidelines for the rational use of medicines were used. We also investigated whether any de-escalation method or physical exercise was performed. Statistical analyses were performed using descriptive statistics to determine the mean, standard deviation, and frequency. The results showed that healthcare providers ignored potential drug reactions or adverse interactions, and reflecting the lack of adherence to the current treatment guides, 35.8% irrational use of medicines was recorded. Thus, de-escalation methods should be used to decrease costs or narrow the antibiotic spectrum, antibiotic selection should consider the resistance patterns, culturing methods should be analyzed, and monotherapy should be preferred over combination treatments

The Co-existence of the Gastrocnemius Tertius and Accessory Soleus Muscles

A bilateral gastrocnemius tertius muscle and a unilateral accessory soleus muscle were encountered during the routine educational dissection studies. The right gastrocnemius tertius muscle consisted of one belly, but the left one of two bellies. On the left side, the superficial belly of the gastrocnemius tertius muscle had its origin from an area just above the tendon of the plantaris muscle, the deep belly from the tendon of the plantaris muscle. The accessory soleus muscle originated from the posteromedial aspect of the tibia and soleal line of the tibia and inserted to the medial surface of the calcaneus. On the right side, the gastrocnemius tertius muscle had its origin from the lateral condyle of the femur, and inserted to the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. The co-existence of both gastrocnemius tertius and accessory soleus muscle has not, to our knowledge, been previously reported

Construction of amperometric biosensor modified with conducting polymer/carbon dots for the analysis of catechol

Phenolic compounds used in food industries and pesticide industry, are environmentally toxic and pollute the rivers and ground water. For that reason, detection of phenolic compounds such as catechol by using simple, efficient and cost‐effective devices have been becoming increasingly popular. In this study, a suitable and a novel matrix was composed using a novel conjugated polymer, namely poly[1‐(5‐(4,8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b']dithiophen‐2‐yl)furan‐2‐yl)‐5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐3‐(furan‐2‐yl)‐4H thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6(5H)‐dione] (PFTBDT) and carbon dots (CDs) to detect catechol. PFTBDT and CDs were synthesized and the optoelectronic properties of PFTBDT were investigated via electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical studies. Laccase enzyme was immobilized onto the constructed film matrix on the graphite electrode. The proposed biosensor was found to have a low detection limit (1.23 μM) and a high sensitivity (737.44 μA/mM.cm−2) with a linear range of 1.25–175 μM. Finally, the applicability of the proposed enzymatic biosensor was evaluated in a tap water sample and a satisfactory recovery (96–104%) was obtained for catechol determination.Publisher's Versio

Kamu Yöneticilerinin Siyasal Ve Yönetsel Ahlaki Davraniş Tipleri

Çalışmada siyasal-yönetsel ahlak ve siyasal-yönetsel yozlaşma kavramları incelenmiştir. Siyasi ve yönetsel yozlaşamaya sebep olan ahlaki tavırları açıklayabilmek için bireyin ahlak gelişimini anlatan teoriler üzerinde durulmuştur. Günümüz Türkiye’sindeki siyasi ve yönetsel yozlaşmalar sadece bugüne ait olmayıp geçmişten günümüze miras olarak gelmişlerdir. Bu durumun nedeni de ülkenin geçirmiş olduğu siyasi kültürel ve ekonomik değişimler olarak açıklanabilir

Epigenetic perturbations in the pathogenesis of mustard toxicity; hypothesis and preliminary results

Among the most readily available chemical warfare agents, sulfur mustard (SM), also known as mustard gas, has been the most widely used chemical weapon. SM causes debilitating effects that can leave an exposed individual incapacitated for days to months; therefore delayed SM toxicity is of much greater importance than its ability to cause lethality. Although not fully understood, acute toxicity of SM is related to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, oxidative stress, DNA damage, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation and energy depletion within the affected cell. Therefore several antioxidants and PARP inhibitors show beneficial effects against acute SM toxicity. The delayed toxicity of SM however, currently has no clear mechanistic explanation. One third of the 100,000 Iranian casualties are still suffering from the detrimental effects of SM in spite of the extensive treatment. We, therefore, made an attempt whether epigenetic aberrations may contribute to pathogenesis of mustard poisoning. Preliminary evidence reveals that mechlorethamine (a nitrogen mustard derivative) exposure may not only cause oxidative stress, DNA damage, but epigenetic perturbations as well. Epigenetic refers to the study of changes that influence the phenotype without causing alteration of the genotype. It involves changes in the properties of a cell that are inherited but do not involve a change in DNA sequence. It is now known that in addition to mutations, epimutations contribute to a variety of human diseases. Under light of preliminary results, the current hypothesis will focus on epigenetic regulations to clarify mustard toxicity and the use of drugs to correct possible epigenetic defects

THE EFFECTS OF ENERGY DRINKS ON ORAL HEALTH AND TEETH.: Energy drinks: Impact on Oral Health

Recently, the use of energy drinks has been increasing among young people, adults and athletes. As a result of this increase, the negative effects of these drinks on human health are becoming more apparent. These drinks contain high levels of carbohydrates and caffeine. The pH level of energy drinks (2.5-3.5) is quite low. Frequent and excessive consumption of these drinks causes dental erosion, dental caries and damage to restorative materials. In order to reduce these effects, individuals should be informed about the negative effects on human and oral health and the use of these drinks should be reduced. In addition, experimental, clinical and laboratory studies should be conducted to examine the effects of energy drinks on human and oral health in larger populations. In this article, it is aimed to provide up-to-date information on the effects of energy drinks on oral health and teeth and methods of protection from these effects.Recently, the use of energy drinks has been increasing among young people, adults and athletes. As a result of this increase, the negative effects of these drinks on human health are becoming more apparent. These drinks contain high levels of carbohydrates and caffeine. The pH level of energy drinks (2.5-3.5) is quite low. Frequent and excessive consumption of these drinks causes dental erosion, dental caries and damage to restorative materials. In order to reduce these effects, individuals should be informed about the negative effects on human and oral health and the use of these drinks should be reduced. In addition, experimental, clinical and laboratory studies should be conducted to examine the effects of energy drinks on human and oral health in larger populations. In this article, it is aimed to provide up-to-date information on the effects of energy drinks on oral health and teeth and methods of protection from these effects