Pre-treatment comorbidities, C-reactive protein and eosinophil count, and immune-related adverse events as predictors of survival with checkpoint inhibition for multiple tumour entities

BACKGROUND The development of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) may be associated with clinical efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) in patients with cancer. We therefore investigated the effect of irAEs and pre-treatment parameters on outcome in a large, real-life patient cohort. METHODS We performed a single-centre, retrospective, observational study including patients who received CPIs from 2011 to 2018 and followed until 2021. The primary outcome was overall survival, and the secondary outcome was the development of irAEs. RESULTS In total, 229 patients with different tumour entities (41% non-small cell lung cancer [NSCLC], 29% melanoma) received a total of 282 CPI treatment courses (ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab or atezolizumab). Thirty-four percent of patients developed irAEs (of these 17% had CTCAE Grade ≥3). Factors independently associated with mortality were pre-treatment CRP ≥10 mg/L (hazard ratio [HR] 2.064, p = 0.0003), comorbidity measured by Charlson comorbidity index (HR 1.149, p = 0.014) and irAEs (HR 0.644, p = 0.036) (age-adjusted, n = 216). Baseline eosinophil count ≤0.2 × 10$^{9}$ /L was a further independent predictor of mortality (age-, CRP-, CCI- and irAE-adjusted HR = 2.252, p = 0.002, n = 166). Anti-CTLA-4 use (p < 0.001), and pre-treatment CRP <10 mg/L were independently associated with irAE occurrence (p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS We found an independent association between irAE occurrence and improved overall survival in a real-life cohort spanning multiple tumour entities and treatment regimens. Pre-treatment comorbidities, CRP and eosinophil count represent potential markers for predicting treatment response

Factors associated with one-year mortality after hospital discharge: A multicenter prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES 1) To identify predictors of one-year mortality in hospitalized medical patients using factors available during their hospital stay. 2) To evaluate whether healthcare system use within 30 days of hospital discharge is associated with one-year mortality. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING This prospective, observational study included adult patients from four mid-sized hospital general internal medicine units. During index hospitalization, we retrieved patient characteristics, including demographic and socioeconomic indicators, diagnoses, and early simplified HOSPITAL scores from electronic health records and patient interviews. Data on healthcare system use was collected using telephone interviews 30 days after discharge. Survival status at one year was collected by telephone and from health records. We used a univariable analysis including variables available from the hospitalization and 30-day post-discharge periods. We then performed multivariable analyses with one model using index hospitalization data and one using 30-day post-discharge data. RESULTS Of 934 patients, 123 (13.2%; 95% CI 11.0-15.4%) were readmitted or died within 30 days. Of 814 patients whose primary outcome was available, 108 died (13.3%) within one year. Using factors obtained during hospitalization, the early simplified HOSPITAL score (OR 1.50; 95% CI 1.31-1.71; P < 0.001) and not living at home (OR 4.0; 95% CI 1.8-8.3; P < 0.001) were predictors of one-year mortality. Using 30-day post-discharge predictors, hospital readmission was significantly associated with one-year mortality (OR 4.81; 95% CI 2.77-8.33; P < 0.001). SIGNIFICANCE Factors predicting one-year mortality were a high early simplified HOSPITAL score, not living at home, and a 30-day unplanned readmission

Subclinical sleep apnoea and plasma levels of endothelin-1 among young and healthy adults.

OBJECTIVE Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a risk factor for vascular disease and other adverse outcomes. These associations may be at least partly due to early endothelin-1 (ET-1)-mediated endothelial dysfunction (ED). Therefore, we assessed the relationships between subclinical sleep apnoea and plasma levels of ET-1. METHODS We performed a population-based study among 1255 young and healthy adults aged 25-41 years. Cardiovascular disease, diabetes or a body mass index >35 kg/mwere exclusion criteria. Plasma levels of ET-1 were measured using a high-sensitivity, single-molecule counting technology. The relationships between subclinical sleep apnoea (OSA indices: respiratory event index (REI), oxygen desaturation index (ODI), mean night-time blood oxygen saturation (SpO)) and ET-1 levels were assessed by multivariable linear regression analysis. RESULTS Median age of the cohort was 35 years. Median ET-1 levels were 2.9 (IQR 2.4-3.6) and 2.5 pg/mL (IQR 2.1-3.0) among patients with (n=105; 8%) and without subclinical sleep apnoea (REI 5-14), respectively. After multivariable adjustment, subclinical sleep apnoea remained significantly associated with plasma levels of ET-1 (β=0.13 (95% CI 0.06 to 0.20) p=0.0002 for a REI 5-14; β=0.10 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.16) p=0.003 for an ODI≥5). Every 1% decrease in mean night-time SpOincreased ET-1 levels by 0.1 pg/mL, an association that remained significant after multivariable adjustment (β=0.02 (95% CI 0.003 to 0.033) p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS In this study of young and healthy adults, we found that participants with subclinical sleep apnoea had elevated plasma ET-1 levels, an association that was due to night-time hypoxaemia. Our results suggest that ED may already be an important consequence of subclinical sleep apnoea

Risk Factors for Recurrent Exacerbations in the General-Practitioner-Based Swiss Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Cohort.

BACKGROUND Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often suffer from acute exacerbations. Our objective was to describe recurrent exacerbations in a GP-based Swiss COPD cohort and develop a statistical model for predicting exacerbation. METHODS COPD cohort demographic and medical data were recorded for 24 months, by means of a questionnaire-based COPD cohort. The data were split into training (75%) and validation (25%) datasets. A negative binomial regression model was developed using the training dataset to predict the exacerbation rate within 1 year. An exacerbation prediction model was developed, and its overall performance was validated. A nomogram was created to facilitate the clinical use of the model. RESULTS Of the 229 COPD patients analyzed, 77% of the patients did not experience exacerbation during the follow-up. The best subset in the training dataset revealed that lower forced expiratory volume, high scores on the MRC dyspnea scale, exacerbation history, and being on a combination therapy of LABA + ICS (long-acting beta-agonists + Inhaled Corticosteroids) or LAMA + LABA (Long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonists + long-acting beta-agonists) at baseline were associated with a higher rate of exacerbation. When validated, the area-under-curve (AUC) value was 0.75 for one or more exacerbations. The calibration was accurate (0.34 predicted exacerbations vs 0.28 observed exacerbations). CONCLUSION Nomograms built from these models can assist clinicians in the decision-making process of COPD care

Clinical characteristics governing treatment adjustment in COPD patients: results from the Swiss COPD cohort study

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a widespread chronic disease characterised by irreversible airway obstruction [1]. Features of clinical practice and healthcare systems for COPD patients can vary widely, even within similar healthcare structures. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) strategy is considered the most reliable guidance for the management of COPD and aims to provide treating physicians with appropriate insight into the disease. COPD treatment adaptation typically mirrors the suggestions within the GOLD guidelines, depending on how the patient has been categorised. However, the present study posits that the reasons for adjusting COPD-related treatment are hugely varied. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess the clinical symptoms that govern both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment changes in COPD patients. Using this insight, the study offers suggestions for optimising COPD management through the implementation of GOLD guidelines. METHODS: In this observational cohort study, 24 general practitioners screened 260 COPD patients for eligibility from 2015–2019. General practitioners were asked to collect general information from patients using a standardised questionnaire to document symptoms. During a follow-up visit, the patient’s symptoms and changes in therapy were assessed and entered into a central electronic database. Sixty-five patients were removed from the analysis due to exclusion criteria, and 195 patients with at least one additional visit within one year of the baseline visit were included in the analysis. A change in therapy was defined as a change in either medication or non-medical treatment, such as pulmonary rehabilitation. Multivariable mixed models were used to identify associations between given symptoms and a step up in therapy, a step down, or a step up and a step down at the same time. RESULTS: For the 195 patients included in analyses, a treatment adjustment was made during 28% of visits. In 49% of these adjustments, the change in therapy was a step up, in 33% a step down and in 18% a step up (an increase) of certain treatment factors and a step down (a reduction) of other prescribed treatments at the same time. In the multivariable analysis, we found that the severity of disease was linked to the probability of therapy adjustment: patients in GOLD Group C were more likely to experience an increase in therapy compared to patients in GOLD Group A (odds ratio [OR] 3.43 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 1.02–11.55; p = 0.135]). In addition, compared to patients with mild obstruction, patients with severe (OR 4.24 [95% CI: 1.88–9.56]) to very severe (OR 5.48 [95% CI: 1.31–22.96]) obstruction were more likely to experience a therapy increase (p 999; p = 0.109]). CONCLUSIONS: This cohort study provides insight into the management of patients with COPD in a primary care setting. COPD Group C and airflow limitation GOLD 3–4 were both associated with an increase in COPD treatment. In patients with comorbidities, there were often no treatment changes. Exacerbations did not make therapy increases more probable. The presence of neither cough/sputum nor high CAT scores was associated with a step up in treatment

The clinical features of asthma exacerbations in early-onset and eosinophilic late-onset asthma may differ significantly

Over 20 years ago, the concept of asthma control was created and appropriate measurement tools were developed and validated. Loss of asthma control can lead to an exacerbation. Years ago, the term "clinically significant asthma exacerbation" was introduced to define when a loss of control is severe enough to declare it an asthma exacerbation. This term is also used by health insurances to determine when an exacerbation is eligible for reimbursement of biologics in clinical practice, however, it sometimes becomes apparent that a clear separation between loss of "asthma control" and an exacerbation is not always possible. In this review, we attempt to justify why exacerbations in early allergic asthma and adult eosinophilic asthma can differ significantly and why this is important in clinical practice as well as when dealing with health insurers

No impact of exacerbation frequency and severity on the physical activity decline in COPD: a long-term observation

Introduction: COPD exacerbations are associated with a concomitant profound reduction in daily physical activity (PA). Thereby, exacerbation frequency and severity may have an amplifying effect. Whether the reduced level of PA returns to the level prior to exacerbation or has a sustained negative impact on activity behavior over time is unclear. Methods: The number of steps per day over 1 week, as a measure of daily PA, was assessed annually in a cohort of patients with COPD. Exacerbation frequency and severity were documented. Uni- and multivariate mixed effect models were used to investigate associations between change in number of steps per day (dependent variable) and exacerbations. Stratification by possible confounders was performed. Results: One hundred and eighty one COPD patients (median [quartile] age 64 [59/69] years, 65% male, median [quartiles] FEV1 % pred. 46 [33/65]) suffered a total of 273 exacerbations during the observation period (median [quartiles] follow-up time of 2.1 [1.6/3.1] years). Neither the frequency nor the severity of exacerbations was significantly related to the overall decline in PA over time. Stratification by different possible confounders such as age, sex and disease severity did not yield a subgroup in which exacerbations enhance the decrease in PA over time. Conclusion: The drop in PA during the phase of an acute exacerbation seems not to be a lasting phenomenon leading to a fundamental change in activity behavior. Trial registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT0152777

Endobronchial ultrasound in hilar and conventional TBNA-negative/inconclusive mediastinal lymphadenopathy

Objective: Assess the diagnostic yield of real-time bronchoscopic ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS TBNA) in conventional TBNA-negative mediastinal lymphadenopathy and hilar lymphadenopathy. Materials and Methods: Sixty-two patients having either conventional TBNA-negative mediastinal lymphadenopathy or hilar lymphadenopathy underwent real-time EBUS TBNA. Results: EBUS TBNA was performed on 72 lymph nodes (mediastinal = 48; and hilar = 24). 31 of the 72 (43%) lymph node samples were positive for malignancy (29) or benign diagnosis (2), and 17 of the 72 (24%) lymph nodes were true negative at EBUS TBNA confirmed at surgery. Out of 48 mediastinal lymph nodes EBUS TBNA was diagnostic for malignancy in 19 (40%) and negative in 14 of which 12 (86%) were surgically confirmed true negative and 2 (14%) false negative. In 10 of the 24 (42%) hilar lymph nodes, EBUS TBNA was diagnostic for malignancy while 5 were true negative and 1 false negative. All false-negative lymph nodes were PET positive. Adequacy of EBUS TBNA based on positive aspiration and surgically confirmed true negative was 67% and in patients suspected for malignancy was 77%. Conclusions: EBUS TBNA has a good diagnostic yield in hilar lymphadenopathy and in conventional TBNA-negative mediastinal lymphadenopathy

Comparison of combined oximetry and cutaneous capnography using a digital sensor with arterial blood gas analysis

Cutaneous carbon dioxide tension (PcCO(2)) is a promising non-invasive surrogate measure of arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO(2)). Objectives: To compare values of PcCO(2) and oxygen saturation (SpO(2)) with arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis