54 research outputs found

    History, institutions, and selectivities in historical-materialist policy analysis: A sympathetic critique of Brand's State, context and Correspondence

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    This contribution shares Ulrich Brand's reliance on critical theories of the state and hegemony. Based on three points of criti-cism, the author argues for a better elaboration of the context of policy making. First, he proposes to consider a broader range of theoretical currents than the interpretive accounts introduced by Brand: (1) A strategic-relational interpretation of historical institutionalism will be introduced, (2) featuring the concept of "periodisation" for a systematic understanding of historically evolving structures. In addition to the introduction of a broader range of theoretical currents, (3) Brand's proposed concept of "selectivities" will be further refined and specified to be better able to grasp the workings of the "institutional condensation of the correlation of forces" in the policy cycle. The proposed conceptualisation of historical-materialist policy analysis will be exemplified by a short stylised example of research on equalityoriented policies in South Africa. (author's abstract

    Social policies and redistribution in South Africa

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    This paper aims at analyzing the effects of social policies on income inequalities in South Africa since the 1990s. Based on a framework of historical institutionalism, the heritage of a distributional regime based on institutional racism is highlighted. This had lasting effects on social policies which also had both liberal and conservative characteristics. Democratisation at the beginning of the 1990s led to the abolishing of institutional racism and conservative features, while the new framework tended to be of a more liberal nature than before. The Post- Apartheid transformation is marked by many contradictions: Concerning social policies, adverse effects of the ambiti ous affirmative action programme "Black Economic Empowerment" are diagnosed, as it creates incentives for highly-skilled public sector workers to work in the better-paid private sector. Apart from the resulting skills shortages, a tendency of cash transfers to replace public social services and infrastructure provision is diagnosed. In addition to this liberal characteristic of social policies, employment policies were not very successful, despite workfare tendencies in the approach towards welfare. As a result, overall income inequalities stagnated at very high levels after Apartheid, even with the rise of a black bourgeoisie and middle class

    Social policies and redistribution in Brazil

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    This paper aims at analyzing the contribution of social policies to declining rates of income inequalities in Brazil since the 1990s. Based on a framework of historical institutionalism, Brazil is characterised as a traditionally patrimonial society, marked by the institution of slavery. Important ruptures occurred during democratization in the 1980 s, when social movements successfully fought for social rights which featured prominently in the democratic constitution of 1988. During the 1990s a contradictory confluence of these achievements and neoliberal reforms led to the promotion of "inclusive liberalism". From the mid-2000s onwards policies began to shift in the direction of "evelopmental welfare" combining active state interventionism in economic and social policies with targeted cash transfers. This combination avoided the pitfalls of "inclusive liberalism"and promoted a considerable reduction of social inequalities

    One or two nation projects? Discourse on inequalities and equality-related policies in South Africa and Brazil

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    This contribution focuses on the social production and reproduction of social inequalities in Brazil and South Africa. It aims at interlinking different theoretical perspectives and applying them to a comparative analysis of inequality-related policies. Resorting to strategic- relational institutionalism, the historical heritage of discourse formation and the institutionalization of inequality regimes in the two countries to inform the analysis of the more recent conjuncture will be analysed. While South Africa is an example of formal racist discrimination, the Brazilian inequality regime worked on more informal patterns. The different historical heritage influences current foci of equality-related policies, which tend to be dominantly anti-racist in South Africa, while focusing on poverty reduction in Brazil during the recent years. The latter experience tended more towards a discourse of a ‘common interest’ and was better able to institutionalize policies to reduce income inequalities. South Africa is still discursively divided into ‘two nations’. Social uplifting for Africans linked to the governing parties was only partially accompanied by improved living conditions for the poor majority of Africans. Both countries are significantly structured by the respective historical heritage concerning both the creation and the reduction of inequalities. The Brazilian ‘one nation’ discourse was more successful in promoting equality-related policies than its ‘two nations’ counterpart in South Africa. Despite important improvements, both countries are now in critical junctures and societal contradictions are beginning to create new crisis tendencies

    Auf dem Weg zu mehr Gleichheit? Sozialpolitik in Brasilien und Chile nach dem »Linksruck«

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    In dem Beitrag werden die sozialpolitischen Initiativen in der Regierungsperiode von Michelle Bachelet (2006-2011) in Chile und von Luiz InĂĄcio Lula da Silva (2003-2011) in Brasilien dargestellt. Beide sozialdemokratischen Regierungen markieren im jeweiligen nationalen Kontext einen Linksruck. Die Untersuchung geht der Frage nach, ob die Reformen eine gleichheitsfördernde Wirkung entfaltet haben und einen Bruch mit neoliberalen Paradigmen in der Sozialpolitik bedeuten. Um die aktuellen VerĂ€nderungen einschĂ€tzen zu können, werden diese in einen grĂ¶ĂŸeren historischen und politökonomischen Kontext eingebettet. Die Analyse der Wohlfahrtsregime der beiden LĂ€nder stĂŒtzt sich auf den institutionalistischen Zugang von Esping-Andersen. Mit Bezug auf Kategorien wie Universalisierung, De-Kommodifizierung/Anti-Wert, De-Familialisierung und InformalitĂ€t wagen die AutorInnen am Ende eine EinschĂ€tzung, inwiefern unter Lula und Bachelet sozialdemokratische Politik betrieben wurde

    Staat und politische Ökonomie in Brasilien

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    The transformation of the Brazilian state during the presidency of Lula (2003-2010) will be dealt with in historical perspective. First, the theoretical background will be elaborated: Theories based on Max Weber will be employed to highlight institutional factors, while approaches of political economy will introduce questions of societal power relations. Specifics of semi-peripheral statehood will be demonstrated by approaches inspired by dependency theory. On this basis, Brazilian historical legacies will be identified: slavery and patrimonialism in an externally dependent state, which was conservatively modernized in the wake of import substituting industrialization during the 20th century into a 'developmental state'. After a short liberal intermezzo during the 1990s, the Lula administration has readopted the developmentalist approach. In contrast to the 'developmental state' of the 20th century, stronger republican and socially inclusive tendencies prevail now.

    Das Partizipative Budget in Porto Alegre. Die Dialektik von staatlichen und nicht-staatlichen Formen sozialer Innovation.

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    Dieser Artikel beschĂ€ftigt sich mit dem Modell der Budgetmitbestimmung in Porto Alegre. Aus dieser konkreten staatlichen Initiative, die die Zivilgesellschaft in einen sich öffnenden Staat einbindet, können Lehren fĂŒr soziale Innovationen in Europa gezogen werden. Im Zuge des Widerstands gegen die MilitĂ€rdiktatur bildeten sich Volksbewegungen, die gleichermaßen Staat und Kapital kritisierten. Diese herrschaftskritische Interpretation von Stadtteilbewegungen machte im Laufe der 1980er Jahre einer liberalen Interpretation Platz. In Verdrehung der Gramscianischen Intention wird Zivilgesellschaft zunehmend als die autonome Organisation nichtstaatlicher Organisationen begriffen. Damit wurden nicht nur zentrale Einsichten der marxistischen Staatstheorie ĂŒber Bord geworfen, sondern gleichzeitig auch den liberalen Reformen des Staatsabbaus Vorschub geleistet. Lokalen Initiativen werden auf diese Weise fehl interpretiert, und ihr innovatives Potential wird nicht ausgeschöpft. Eine detaillierte Analyse der konkreten Stadtteilbewegungen in Brasilien hilft deshalb, ein klareres VerstĂ€ndnis von Staat und Gesellschaft zu gewinnen. Die Volksbewegungen forderten seit den 1970er Jahren sowohl materielle Verbesserungen in den bis dahin vernachlĂ€ssigten Armenvierteln als auch weitergehende demokratische Mitspracherechte. Es entstand eine starke politische Bewegung, bestehend aus den erneut zugelassenen politischen Parteien und den schon gut vernetzten politischen Bewegungen. Das fĂŒhrte dazu, dass alltĂ€gliche Probleme der Bevölkerung in öffentliche Anliegen und daher in Forderungen an den Staat transformiert wurden. 1989 ĂŒbernahm die Arbeiterpartei die Macht in Porto Alegre und begann die Demokratisierung der Lokalpolitik via Budgetmitbestimmung. Diese soziale Innovation des Regierens ist weltweit bekannt geworden. Wir beabsichtigen in diesem Artikel nicht nur eine Darstellung dieses BĂŒrgerbeteiligungsmodells, sondern versuchen auch eine alternative Interpretation dieser politischen Strategie. Anders als in der konventionellen Theorie von Öffentlichkeit als SphĂ€re, die unabhĂ€ngig von Markt und Staat existiert (Habermas) oder ZugĂ€ngen, die auf Formen der Governance durch die Zivilgesellschaft setzen, gehen wir davon aus, dass nachhaltige soziale Innovation nur in einer neuen Form von Staatlichkeit bestand haben. Der Staat bleibt nĂ€mlich weiterhin der Knotenpunkt politischer Macht und Ansatzpunkt von VerĂ€nderungen, die ĂŒber den Kapitalismus hinausgehen. Die Einbindung der Bevölkerung eröffnet Raum fĂŒr das Experimentieren mit neuen Formen der Selbstverwaltung, die das BĂŒrokratiemodell zu ĂŒberwinden und einen offenen und öffentlichen Staat zu schaffen helfen. (Autorenref.)Series: SRE - Discussion Paper

    Governance and Democracy - KATARSIS Survey Paper

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    Coordination: Bernhard Leubolt, Andreas Novy, Barbara Beinstein. Novy, Barbara Beinstein. With the collaboration of: Isabel AndrĂ©, Len Arthur, Jean-Marc Fontan, Laurent Fraisse, Marisol Garcia, Denis Harrisson, Richard Kimberlee, Juan-Luis Klein, BenoĂźt LĂ©vesque, Diana MacCallum, Marc Pradel, Albert Terrones, Serena Vicari, Louis Wassenhovern, Jiri Winkler KATARSIS ProjectAlthough the welfare state is currently being transformed, it continues to exist in new forms. These vary in different cities and regions. They have in common to involve citizenry in micro-participation, while managing macro-participation by the elite. Especially community-based management and participatory democracy turn out to be concepts for socially innovative strategies which are fundamentally Janus-faced, as they tend to be strategically selective – including some actors, while excluding others. Critical social movements may be co-opted into the state and lose their potential to contest political decision. But bottom-up participation can also be a step towards the proposed utopia of democratic governance
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