104 research outputs found
Fermi-Hubbard physics with atoms in an optical lattice
The Fermi-Hubbard model is a key concept in condensed matter physics and
provides crucial insights into electronic and magnetic properties of materials.
Yet, the intricate nature of Fermi systems poses a barrier to answer important
questions concerning d-wave superconductivity and quantum magnetism. Recently,
it has become possible to experimentally realize the Fermi-Hubbard model using
a fermionic quantum gas loaded into an optical lattice. In this atomic approach
to the Fermi-Hubbard model the Hamiltonian is a direct result of the optical
lattice potential created by interfering laser fields and short-ranged
ultracold collisions. It provides a route to simulate the physics of the
Hamiltonian and to address open questions and novel challenges of the
underlying many-body system. This review gives an overview of the current
efforts in understanding and realizing experiments with fermionic atoms in
optical lattices and discusses key experiments in the metallic,
band-insulating, superfluid and Mott-insulating regimes.Comment: Posted with permission from the Annual Review of of Condensed Matter
Physics Volume 1 \c{opyright} 2010 by Annual Reviews,
http://www.annualreviews.or
Tracing Noble Gas Radionuclides in the Environment
Trace analysis of radionuclides is an essential and versatile tool in modern
science and technology. Due to their ideal geophysical and geochemical
properties, long-lived noble gas radionuclides, in particular, 39Ar (t1/2 = 269
yr), 81Kr (t1/2 = 2.3x10^5 yr) and 85Kr (t1/2 = 10.8 yr), have long been
recognized to have a wide range of important applications in Earth sciences. In
recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of
practical analytical methods, and has led to applications of these isotopes in
the hydrosphere (tracing the flow of groundwater and ocean water). In this
article, we introduce the applications of these isotopes and review three
leading analytical methods: Low-Level Counting (LLC), Accelerator Mass
Spectrometry (AMS) and Atom Trap Trace Analysis (ATTA)
Photon statistics of a random laser
A general relationship is presented between the statistics of thermal
radiation from a random medium and its scattering matrix S. Familiar results
for black-body radiation are recovered in the limit S to 0. The mean photocount
is proportional to the trace of 1-SS^dagger, in accordance with Kirchhoff's law
relating emissivity and absorptivity. Higher moments of the photocount
distribution are related to traces of powers of 1-SS^dagger, a generalization
of Kirchhoff's law. The theory can be applied to a random amplifying medium (or
"random laser") below the laser threshold, by evaluating the Bose-Einstein
function at a negative temperature. Anomalously large fluctuations are
predicted in the photocount upon approaching the laser threshold, as a
consequence of overlapping cavity modes with a broad distribution of spectral
widths.Comment: 26 pages, including 9 figure
Dynamical tunneling in molecules: Quantum routes to energy flow
Dynamical tunneling, introduced in the molecular context, is more than two
decades old and refers to phenomena that are classically forbidden but allowed
by quantum mechanics. On the other hand the phenomenon of intramolecular
vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) has occupied a central place in the
field of chemical physics for a much longer period of time. Although the two
phenomena seem to be unrelated several studies indicate that dynamical
tunneling, in terms of its mechanism and timescales, can have important
implications for IVR. Examples include the observation of local mode doublets,
clustering of rotational energy levels, and extremely narrow vibrational
features in high resolution molecular spectra. Both the phenomena are strongly
influenced by the nature of the underlying classical phase space. This work
reviews the current state of understanding of dynamical tunneling from the
phase space perspective and the consequences for intramolecular vibrational
energy flow in polyatomic molecules.Comment: 37 pages and 23 figures (low resolution); Int. Rev. Phys. Chem.
(Review to appear in Oct. 2007
Geometric optics with atomic beams scattered by a detuned standing laser wave
We report on theoretical and numerical study of propagation of atomic beams
crossing a detuned standing-wave laser beam in the geometric optics limit. The
interplay between external and internal atomic degrees of freedom is used to
manipulate the atomic motion along the optical axis by light. By adjusting the
atom-laser detuning, we demonstrate how to focus, split and scatter atomic
beams in a real experiment. The novel effect of chaotic scattering of atoms at
a regular near-resonant standing wave is found numerically and explained
qualitatively. Some applications of the effects found are discussed
Wideband-tuneable, nanotube mode-locked, fibre laser
Ultrashort-pulse lasers with spectral tuning capability have widespread applications in fields such as spectroscopy, biomedical research and telecommunications1–3. Mode-locked fibre lasers are convenient and powerful sources of ultrashort pulses4, and the inclusion of a broadband saturable absorber as a passive optical switch inside the laser cavity may offer tuneability over a range of wavelengths5. Semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors are widely used in fibre lasers4–6, but their operating range is typically limited to a few tens of nanometres7,8, and their fabrication can be challenging in the 1.3–1.5 mm wavelength region used for optical communications9,10. Single-walled carbon nanotubes are excellent saturable absorbers because of their subpicosecond recovery time, low saturation intensity, polarization insensitivity, and mechanical and environmental robustness11–16. Here, we engineer a nanotube–polycarbonate film with a wide bandwidth (>300 nm) around 1.55 mm, and then use it to demonstrate a 2.4 ps Er31-doped fibre laser that is tuneable from 1,518 to 1,558 nm. In principle, different diameters and chiralities of nanotubes could be combined to enable compact, mode-locked fibre lasers that are tuneable over a much broader range of wavelengths than other systems
Laser method of highly selective detection of rare radioactive isotopes through multistep photo-ionization of accelerated atoms
status: publishe
COLLINEAR LASER PHOTOIONIZATION OF HELIUM-ISOTOPES IN A FAST ATOMIC-BEAM
We studied laser isotope-selective two-step photoionization of metastable helium atoms in a fast beam. The detection selectivity attained for the rare isotope 3He was 106. © 1988.status: publishe
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