Molecular genetic diversity characterization in a germplasm collection of Brachiaria spp

Orientadores: Anete Pereira de Souza, Cacilda Borges do ValleTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: Brachiaria é um gênero de gramíneas composto por cerca de 100 espécies. Nas últimas décadas, algumas destas espécies vêm sendo amplamente usadas como forrageiras nas regiões tropicais. Uma importante coleção de germoplasma, que preserva 443 acessos e amostra 14 espécies diferentes, foi introduzida no Brasil na década de 1980 e está estabelecida na Embrapa Gado de Corte, Campo Grande/MS. Esta coleção vem sendo usada no Programa de Melhoramento Genético de Forrageiras Tropicais da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária. São cinco as espécies de maior valor para este programa de melhoramento: B. brizantha, B. decumbens, B. dictyoneura, B. humidicola e B. ruziziensis. Este trabalho visou ao desenvolvimento de marcadores moleculares do tipo microssatélites para B. brizantha e B. humidicola e a caracterização da diversidade genética existente em acessos e cultivares destas cinco espécies. Foi desenvolvido um total de 28 microssatélites polimórficos para B. brizantha e 27 para B. humidicola. Vinte microssatélites desenvolvidos para B. brizantha foram usados na caracterização da diversidade genética intra-específica em 160 acessos e cinco cultivares desta espécie. Dentre estes 20 locos, sete foram usados para caracterizar a variabilidade interespecífica entre estes 165 genótipos de B. brizantha e 13 acessos de B. decumbens, sete de B. dictyoneura, 42 de B. humidicola e 16 de B. ruziziensis. Os 27 microssatélites desenvolvidos para B. humidicola foram usados na caracterização da diversidade genética existente nos 58 acessos desta espécie, conservados nesta coleção, além de duas cultivares. A diversidade interespecífica acessada através de similaridades genéticas mostrou que os marcadores utilizados foram capazes de distinguir as cinco espécies estudadas, sendo que B. brizantha, B. decumbens e B. ruziziensis revelaram-se mais similares entre si e mais dissimilares em relação a B. dictyoneura e B. humidicola. Apesar disso, uma análise Bayesiana revelou que B. brizantha e B. decumbens compartilham pools alélicos entre si, não compartilhados pelas outras espécies. Do mesmo modo, B. dictyoneura e B. ruziziensis compartilham um pool gênico entre si, enquanto que B. humidicola apresenta um pool gênico distinto. Estes resultados combinados estão discutidos. A análise de diversidade intraespecífica em B. brizantha mostrou que os genótipos avaliados foram posicionados em três grupos principais de diversidade, sendo que esta diversidade não está fortemente estruturada. A análise intraespecífica em B. humidicola mostrou uma clara distinção do único acesso sexual desta coleção em relação aos demais, todos apomíticos, e revelou que a diversidade genética nesta coleção está mais bem estruturada que a encontrada em B. brizantha. xAbstract: Brachiaria is a genus that comprises about 100 species. In the last decades, some of its species have been widely used as forages in the Tropics. A germplasm collection with 14 species represented by 443 accessions was introduced to Brazil in the decade of 1980 and is maintained at Embrapa Beef Cattle, Campo Grande, central Brazil. This collection has been used in the Tropical Forages Breeding Program of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation. The most valuable species, considering agronomical aspects, are: B. brizantha, B. decumbens, B. dictyoneura, B. humidicola and B. ruziziensis. The main goal of this work was the development of microsatellite markers for B. brizantha and B. humidicola and the characterization of the genetic diversity found within these species in both inter- and intraspecific approaches. A total of 28 polymorphic microsatellites is described for B. brizantha, while for B. humidicola we present 27 polymorphic loci. Twenty microsatellites of B. brizantha were used for assessing the genetic variability in 160 accessions and five cultivars of this species. Out of these twenty loci, seven were used to evaluate the 165 genotypes of B. brizantha and 13 accessions of B. decumbens, 7 of B. dictyoneura, 42 of B. humidicola and 16 of B ruziziensis. Twenty seven loci reported for B. humidicola were used in the intraspecific characterization of the genetic diversity of the whole collection of this species (58 accessions) and two cultivars. The interspecific genetic diversity revealed through similarities showed that the markers used were able to distinguish the five species studied. B. brizantha, B. decumbens and B. ruziziensis were the most similar, while B. humidicola and B. dictyoneura were closer to each other. Besides, a Bayesian analysis showed that B. brizantha and B. decumbens share exclusive allelic pools not present in the other species. Likewise, B. dictyoneura e B. ruziziensis share another allelic pool, while B. humidicola did not share genic pools with any other species. The intraspecific genetic diversity survey in B. brizantha revealed that genotypes were positioned within three major groups, but the genetic variability does not seem to be very structured. The intraspecific survey in B. humidicola showed a clear distinction between the one sexual accession of this species and all the other apomictic accessions, and unveiled that the genetic diversity within this species is more strongly structured than in B. brizantha.DoutoradoGenetica Vegetal e MelhoramentoDoutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecula

The Crowdsourced Replication Initiative: Investigating Immigration and Social Policy Preferences. Executive Report.

In an era of mass migration, social scientists, populist parties and social movements raise concerns over the future of immigration-destination societies. What impacts does this have on policy and social solidarity? Comparative cross-national research, relying mostly on secondary data, has findings in different directions. There is a threat of selective model reporting and lack of replicability. The heterogeneity of countries obscures attempts to clearly define data-generating models. P-hacking and HARKing lurk among standard research practices in this area.This project employs crowdsourcing to address these issues. It draws on replication, deliberation, meta-analysis and harnessing the power of many minds at once. The Crowdsourced Replication Initiative carries two main goals, (a) to better investigate the linkage between immigration and social policy preferences across countries, and (b) to develop crowdsourcing as a social science method. The Executive Report provides short reviews of the area of social policy preferences and immigration, and the methods and impetus behind crowdsourcing plus a description of the entire project. Three main areas of findings will appear in three papers, that are registered as PAPs or in process

Utilização de sementes de tabaco transgenico como biorreatores para produção de um fragmento scFv de um anticorpo monoclonal

Orientador : Adilson LeiteDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaMestrad

New microsatellite markers developed from <it>Urochloa humidicola </it>(Poaceae) and cross amplification in different <it>Urochloa </it>species

Abstract Background Urochloa humidicola is a forage grass that grows in tropical regions and is recognized for its tolerance to seasonal flooding. It is a polyploid and apomictic species with high phenotypic plasticity. As molecular tools are important in facilitating the development of new cultivars and in the classification of related species, the objectives of this study were to develop new polymorphic microsatellite markers from an enriched library constructed from U. humidicola and to evaluate their transferability to other Urochloa species. Findings Microsatellite sequences were identified from a previously constructed enriched library, and specific primers were designed for 40 loci. Isolated di-nucleotide repeat motifs were the most abundant followed by tetra-nucleotide repeats. Of the tested loci, 38 displayed polymorphism when screened across 34 polyploid Urochloa sp. genotypes, including 20 accessions and six hybrids of U. humidicola and two accessions each from U. brizantha, U. dictyoneura, U. decumbens and U. ruziziensis. The number of bands per Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) locus ranged from one to 29 with a mean of 11.5 bands per locus. The mean Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) of all loci was 0.7136, and the mean Discrimination Power (DP) was 0.7873. Six loci amplified in all species tested. STRUCTURE analysis revealed six different allelic pools, and the genetic similarity values analyzed using Jaccard's coefficient ranged from 0.000 to 0.913. Conclusions This work reports new polymorphic microsatellite markers that will be useful for breeding programs for Urochloa humidicola and other Urochloa species as well as for genetic map development, germplasm characterization, evolutionary and taxonomic studies and marker-assisted trait selection.</p

New Microsatellite Markers Developed From Urochloa Humidicola (poaceae) And Cross Amplification In Different Urochloa Species.

Urochloa humidicola is a forage grass that grows in tropical regions and is recognized for its tolerance to seasonal flooding. It is a polyploid and apomictic species with high phenotypic plasticity. As molecular tools are important in facilitating the development of new cultivars and in the classification of related species, the objectives of this study were to develop new polymorphic microsatellite markers from an enriched library constructed from U. humidicola and to evaluate their transferability to other Urochloa species. Microsatellite sequences were identified from a previously constructed enriched library, and specific primers were designed for 40 loci. Isolated di-nucleotide repeat motifs were the most abundant followed by tetra-nucleotide repeats. Of the tested loci, 38 displayed polymorphism when screened across 34 polyploid Urochloa sp. genotypes, including 20 accessions and six hybrids of U. humidicola and two accessions each from U. brizantha, U. dictyoneura, U. decumbens and U. ruziziensis. The number of bands per Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) locus ranged from one to 29 with a mean of 11.5 bands per locus. The mean Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) of all loci was 0.7136, and the mean Discrimination Power (DP) was 0.7873. Six loci amplified in all species tested. STRUCTURE analysis revealed six different allelic pools, and the genetic similarity values analyzed using Jaccard's coefficient ranged from 0.000 to 0.913. This work reports new polymorphic microsatellite markers that will be useful for breeding programs for Urochloa humidicola and other Urochloa species as well as for genetic map development, germplasm characterization, evolutionary and taxonomic studies and marker-assisted trait selection.452

Suggested origin of <i>U</i>. <i>humidicola</i>.

<p>Illustrative scheme of the origin of the hexaploid <i>Urochloa humidicola</i>, based on cytogenetic and molecular data. The two different genomes are indicated as A and B. The figures represent the amplification profiles of two microsatellite loci (I. BhUNICAMP010 and II. BhUNICAMP037) and the corresponding amplification regions of genomes A and B.</p

A genetic linkage map for the hexaploid <i>U</i>. <i>humidicola</i> based on single-dose markers.

<p>A genetic linkage map for the hexaploid <i>U</i>. <i>humidicola</i> based on single-dose markers.</p

Percentage of chromosome associations at diakinesis in the genitors and hybrids scored among 20 meiocytes per genotype.

<p>Percentage of chromosome associations at diakinesis in the genitors and hybrids scored among 20 meiocytes per genotype.</p