The Role of −786T/C Polymorphism in the Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene in Males with Clinical and Biochemical Features of the Metabolic Syndrome

Background. Extensive evidence, arising from models of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS3)-knockout mice supports the role of endothelial malfunction in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome (MS). Aims. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of −786T/C polymorphism in the etiology of MS and assess previously reported interaction with cigarette smoking. Methods. Based on International Diabetes Federation 2005 criteria, we recruited randomly 152 subjects with MS and 75 subjects without MS. Results. Allelic and genotype frequencies did not differ significantly between both groups. Total cholesterol level (CHOLT) and intima-media thickness of carotid arteries were significantly higher in −786CC homozygotes, in comparison with −786TC and −786TT patients. Regarding current smoking status, −786C allele was associated with higher CHOLT than −786T allele. Conclusion. Our study indicates the putative role of −786T/C polymorphism in the development of hypercholesterolemia, in patients with MS, which might be enhanced by cigarette smoking

The Role of −786T/C Polymorphism in the Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene in Males with Clinical and Biochemical Features of the Metabolic Syndrome

Background. Extensive evidence, arising from models of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS3)-knockout mice supports the role of endothelial malfunction in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome (MS). Aims. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of −786T/C polymorphism in the etiology of MS and assess previously reported interaction with cigarette smoking. Methods. Based on International Diabetes Federation 2005 criteria, we recruited randomly 152 subjects with MS and 75 subjects without MS. Results. Allelic and genotype frequencies did not differ significantly between both groups. Total cholesterol level (CHOLT) and intima-media thickness of carotid arteries were significantly higher in −786CC homozygotes, in comparison with −786TC and −786TT patients. Regarding current smoking status, −786C allele was associated with higher CHOLT than −786T allele. Conclusion. Our study indicates the putative role of −786T/C polymorphism in the development of hypercholesterolemia, in patients with MS, which might be enhanced by cigarette smoking

Optical and magneto-optical properties of purely two-dimensional electronic systems-graphene

Malgré l'attention massive que le graphène a attiré ces dernières années, beaucoup de questions concernant ses propriétés fondamentales restent sans réponse. Dans ce travail, nous présentons les résultats d'une série d'expériences de magnéto-optique effectuées sur des systèmes de type graphène différents. La spectroscopie de diffusion micro-Raman a été utilisée comme une méthode de choix, en raison de son caractère non invasif, des puissantes possibilités de caractérisation qu’elle offre, et de la haute résolution spatiale. Les champs magnétiques élevés ont aussi été utilisés pour permettre d’ajuster de manière continue l'énergie des excitations électroniques inter-niveau de Landau et de les amener en résonance avec d'autres excitations existant dans le système. L’étude de l'évolution des excitations inter-niveau de Landau sous champs magnétique et les détails de la résonance magnéto-phonon, nous ont fourni des informations importantes sur les détails de l'interaction électron-phonon dans le graphène. Trois types de graphène différents sont étudiés dans ce manuscrit. Le premier se compose de flocons de graphène qui peuvent être trouvés sur la surface de graphite. Il est peut-être le système de graphène le moins étudié, mais est celui qui présente la qualité électronique la plus élevé. Dans le chapitre 7, nous présentons les résultats de nos expériences de diffusion magnéto-Raman sur ce système. Notre méthode de localisation de ces flocons à l'aide ou non d'un champ magnétique est présenté. L'évolution des excitations électroniques dans des champs magnétiques est discutée. Les effets de la température, la longueur d'onde d'excitation et de couplage différent sur le substrat sont présentés. Nous démontrons que, pour des champs magnétiques élevés une structure fine des principales excitations électroniques inter-bande se développe, et est discutée en termes de dopage et d’asymétrie électron-trou. Un nouveau type de résonance électron-phonon est observée, qui implique une diffusion inter-vallée des porteurs et l’émission d'un phonon au point K. Un procédé analogue pour les phonons du voisinage du point Γ est observé. Le deuxième système étudié est constitué d'un flocon de graphène encapsulé entre deux couches de nitrure de bore hexagonal (hBN) plat à l’échelle atomique. Il est le représentant d'une nouvelle classe de matériaux, où les différents cristaux 2D, sont empilés les uns sur les autres dans un ordre prédéfini, pour modifier certaines propriétés de ses constituants. Déposer le graphène sur une mince couche de hBN améliore largement ses propriétés électroniques, en comparaison à du graphène déposée sur Si/SiO2. Dans le chapitre 8, nous présentons des résultats obtenus sur ce système. Nous montrons comment la cartographie spatiale associée à la technique de spectroscopie Raman peut être utilisé pour la caractérisation et la visualisation sélective des composants individuels et des structures complexes empilés. La première observation non ambiguë de la résonance magnéto-phonon et d’une excitation électronique (L -1,1) dans du graphene exfolié neutre est présentée. Une dépendance de la vitesse de Fermi par rapport au champ magnétique est démontrée. En outre, la dépendance de la vitesse de Fermi et d’énergie de bande 2D sur le substrat est observée et discutée en termes de d’écrantage diélectrique de l'interaction électron-électron.Le dernier système étudié sont des flocons de graphène produit par croissance CVD, avec des contacts électriques. Dans le chapitre 9, nous détaillons les résultats d'une expérience, où la force de l'interaction électron-phonon dans un échantillon de graphène avec une grille électrostatique, peut être ajustée, avec succès, par la tension de grille appliquée. Nous comparons ces résultats avec les calculs théoriques et nous montrons que les excitations électroniques intra-bande jouent un rôle important dans la renormalisation de l'énergie des phonons.Despite the massive attention that graphene has attracted in recent years, there are still many unanswered questions about its fundamental properties. In this work we present the results of a series of magneto-optical experiments performed on different graphene systems. The micro-Raman scattering spectroscopy was used as our method of choice, due to its non-invasive character, powerful characterization possibilities and high spatial resolution. The high magnetic fields were used to continuously tune the energy of inter-Landau level electronic excitations into a resonance with other excitations existing in the system. The magnetic field evolution of Raman active inter-Landau level excitations, and the details of the magneto-phonon resonance, gave us important information about the details of the electron-phonon interaction in graphene. Three different types of graphene are studied in this work. The first one consists of graphene flakes that can be found on the surface of graphite. It is possibly the least investigated graphene system, yet the one that shows the highest electronic quality. In Chapter 7 we present results of our magneto-Raman scattering experiments on this system. Our method for locating these flakes with the use of the magnetic field and without it is presented. The evolution of electronic excitations in magnetic fields is discussed. The effects of temperature, excitation wavelength and different coupling to the substrate are shown. We demonstrate that at high magnetic fields a fine-structure of the principal interband electronic excitation develops and discuss it in terms of doping and electron-hole asymmetry. A new type of a resonant electron-phonon interaction is observed, which involve an inter-valley carrier scattering and an emission of a K-point phonon. An analogous process for the phonons from the vicinity of the Γ point is observed.The second studied system consists of a graphene flake encapsulated between two layers of atomically flat hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). It is a representative of a novel class of materials, where different 2D crystals, are stacked on top of each other in a predefined order, to modify some properties of its constituents. Depositing graphene on a thin layer of hBN is expected to largely improve its electronic properties, as compared to graphene deposited on Si/SiO2. In Chapter 8 we present results obtained on such system. We show how spatial mapping with Raman scattering technique can be used for characterization and selective visualization of each constituent of the complex, stacked structures. A first, clear observation of a magneto-phonon resonance and L(-1,1) electronic excitation in an intrinsic, exfoliated graphene is shown. The Fermi velocity dependence on the magnetic field is demonstrated. Also, the Fermi velocity and 2D band energy dependence on the substrate is observed and discussed in terms of dielectric screening of the electron-electron interaction.The last studied system is the CVD grown graphene flake with electrical contacts. In Chapter 9 we show the results of an experiment, where strength of the electron-phonon interaction in a gated, CVD grown, graphene was successfully tuned by the applied gate voltage. We compare these results with the theoretical calculations and show that the intra-band electronic excitations play an important role in the renormalization of the phonon energy

Propriétés optiques et magnéto-optiques de systèmes électroniques purement bidimensionnels graphène

Despite the massive attention that graphene has attracted in recent years, there are still many unanswered questions about its fundamental properties. In this work we present the results of a series of magneto-optical experiments performed on different graphene systems. The micro-Raman scattering spectroscopy was used as our method of choice, due to its non-invasive character, powerful characterization possibilities and high spatial resolution. The high magnetic fields were used to continuously tune the energy of inter-Landau level electronic excitations into a resonance with other excitations existing in the system. The magnetic field evolution of Raman active inter-Landau level excitations, and the details of the magneto-phonon resonance, gave us important information about the details of the electron-phonon interaction in graphene. Three different types of graphene are studied in this work. The first one consists of graphene flakes that can be found on the surface of graphite. It is possibly the least investigated graphene system, yet the one that shows the highest electronic quality. In Chapter 7 we present results of our magneto-Raman scattering experiments on this system. Our method for locating these flakes with the use of the magnetic field and without it is presented. The evolution of electronic excitations in magnetic fields is discussed. The effects of temperature, excitation wavelength and different coupling to the substrate are shown. We demonstrate that at high magnetic fields a fine-structure of the principal interband electronic excitation develops and discuss it in terms of doping and electron-hole asymmetry. A new type of a resonant electron-phonon interaction is observed, which involve an inter-valley carrier scattering and an emission of a K-point phonon. An analogous process for the phonons from the vicinity of the Γ point is observed.The second studied system consists of a graphene flake encapsulated between two layers of atomically flat hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). It is a representative of a novel class of materials, where different 2D crystals, are stacked on top of each other in a predefined order, to modify some properties of its constituents. Depositing graphene on a thin layer of hBN is expected to largely improve its electronic properties, as compared to graphene deposited on Si/SiO2. In Chapter 8 we present results obtained on such system. We show how spatial mapping with Raman scattering technique can be used for characterization and selective visualization of each constituent of the complex, stacked structures. A first, clear observation of a magneto-phonon resonance and L(-1,1) electronic excitation in an intrinsic, exfoliated graphene is shown. The Fermi velocity dependence on the magnetic field is demonstrated. Also, the Fermi velocity and 2D band energy dependence on the substrate is observed and discussed in terms of dielectric screening of the electron-electron interaction.The last studied system is the CVD grown graphene flake with electrical contacts. In Chapter 9 we show the results of an experiment, where strength of the electron-phonon interaction in a gated, CVD grown, graphene was successfully tuned by the applied gate voltage. We compare these results with the theoretical calculations and show that the intra-band electronic excitations play an important role in the renormalization of the phonon energy.Malgré l'attention massive que le graphène a attiré ces dernières années, beaucoup de questions concernant ses propriétés fondamentales restent sans réponse. Dans ce travail, nous présentons les résultats d'une série d'expériences de magnéto-optique effectuées sur des systèmes de type graphène différents. La spectroscopie de diffusion micro-Raman a été utilisée comme une méthode de choix, en raison de son caractère non invasif, des puissantes possibilités de caractérisation qu’elle offre, et de la haute résolution spatiale. Les champs magnétiques élevés ont aussi été utilisés pour permettre d’ajuster de manière continue l'énergie des excitations électroniques inter-niveau de Landau et de les amener en résonance avec d'autres excitations existant dans le système. L’étude de l'évolution des excitations inter-niveau de Landau sous champs magnétique et les détails de la résonance magnéto-phonon, nous ont fourni des informations importantes sur les détails de l'interaction électron-phonon dans le graphène. Trois types de graphène différents sont étudiés dans ce manuscrit. Le premier se compose de flocons de graphène qui peuvent être trouvés sur la surface de graphite. Il est peut-être le système de graphène le moins étudié, mais est celui qui présente la qualité électronique la plus élevé. Dans le chapitre 7, nous présentons les résultats de nos expériences de diffusion magnéto-Raman sur ce système. Notre méthode de localisation de ces flocons à l'aide ou non d'un champ magnétique est présenté. L'évolution des excitations électroniques dans des champs magnétiques est discutée. Les effets de la température, la longueur d'onde d'excitation et de couplage différent sur le substrat sont présentés. Nous démontrons que, pour des champs magnétiques élevés une structure fine des principales excitations électroniques inter-bande se développe, et est discutée en termes de dopage et d’asymétrie électron-trou. Un nouveau type de résonance électron-phonon est observée, qui implique une diffusion inter-vallée des porteurs et l’émission d'un phonon au point K. Un procédé analogue pour les phonons du voisinage du point Γ est observé. Le deuxième système étudié est constitué d'un flocon de graphène encapsulé entre deux couches de nitrure de bore hexagonal (hBN) plat à l’échelle atomique. Il est le représentant d'une nouvelle classe de matériaux, où les différents cristaux 2D, sont empilés les uns sur les autres dans un ordre prédéfini, pour modifier certaines propriétés de ses constituants. Déposer le graphène sur une mince couche de hBN améliore largement ses propriétés électroniques, en comparaison à du graphène déposée sur Si/SiO2. Dans le chapitre 8, nous présentons des résultats obtenus sur ce système. Nous montrons comment la cartographie spatiale associée à la technique de spectroscopie Raman peut être utilisé pour la caractérisation et la visualisation sélective des composants individuels et des structures complexes empilés. La première observation non ambiguë de la résonance magnéto-phonon et d’une excitation électronique (L -1,1) dans du graphene exfolié neutre est présentée. Une dépendance de la vitesse de Fermi par rapport au champ magnétique est démontrée. En outre, la dépendance de la vitesse de Fermi et d’énergie de bande 2D sur le substrat est observée et discutée en termes de d’écrantage diélectrique de l'interaction électron-électron.Le dernier système étudié sont des flocons de graphène produit par croissance CVD, avec des contacts électriques. Dans le chapitre 9, nous détaillons les résultats d'une expérience, où la force de l'interaction électron-phonon dans un échantillon de graphène avec une grille électrostatique, peut être ajustée, avec succès, par la tension de grille appliquée. Nous comparons ces résultats avec les calculs théoriques et nous montrons que les excitations électroniques intra-bande jouent un rôle important dans la renormalisation de l'énergie des phonons

A Unified Approach for the Calculation of Different Sample-Based Measures with the Single Sampling Method

This paper explores two sample-based methods for analysing multistable systems: basin stability and basin entropy. Both methods rely on many numerical integration trials conducted with diverse initial conditions. The collected data is categorised and used to compute metrics that characterise solution stability, phase space structure, and system dynamics predictability. Basin stability assesses the overall likelihood of reaching specific solutions, while the basin entropy measure aims to capture the structure of attraction basins and the complexity of their boundaries. Although these two metrics complement each other effectively, their original procedures for computation differ significantly. This paper introduces a universal approach and algorithm for calculating basin stability and entropy measures. The suitability of these procedures is demonstrated through the analysis of two non-linear systems

Numerical Analysis of the High Pressure MOVPE Upside-Down Reactor for GaN Growth

The present paper focuses on the high-pressure metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) upside-down vertical reactor (where the inlet of cold gases is below a hot susceptor). This study aims to investigate thermo-kinetic phenomena taking place during the GaN (gallium nitride) growth process using trimethylgallium and ammonia at a pressure of above 2 bar. High pressure accelerates the growth process, but it results in poor thickness and quality in the obtained layers; hence, understanding the factors influencing non-uniformity is crucial. The present investigations have been conducted with the aid of ANSYS Fluent finite volume method commercial software. The obtained results confirm the possibility of increasing the growth rate by more than six times through increasing the pressure from 0.5 bar to 2.5 bar. The analysis shows which zones vortexes form in. Special attention should be paid to the transitional flow within the growth zone as well as the viewport. Furthermore, the normal reactor design cannot be used under the considered conditions, even for the lower pressure value of 0.5 bar, due to high turbulences

Evaluating the toxicity of TiO2-based nanoparticles to Chinese hamster ovary cells and Escherichia coli: a complementary experimental and computational approach

Titania-supported palladium, gold and bimetallic nanoparticles (second-generation nanoparticles) demonstrate promising photocatalytic properties. However, due to unusual reactivity, second-generation nanoparticles can be hazardous for living organisms. Considering the ever-growing number of new types of nanoparticles that can potentially contaminate the environment, a determination of their toxicity is extremely important. The main aim of presented study was to investigate the cytotoxic effect of surface modified TiO2-based nanoparticles, to model their quantitative nanostructure–toxicity relationships and to reveal the toxicity mechanism. In this context, toxicity tests for surface-modified TiO2-based nanoparticles were performed in vitro, using Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. The obtained cytotoxicity data were analyzed by means of computational methods (quantitative structure–activity relationships, QSAR approach). Based on a combined experimental and computational approach, predictive models were developed, and relationships between cytotoxicity, size, and specific surface area (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface, BET) of nanoparticles were discussed

Assessment of three epigenotypes in colorectal cancer by combined bisulphite restriction analysis.

Background: Recent investigations have demonstrated the clear heterogeneity of sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) with regard to CpG island methylation. Two unsupervised cluster analyses revealed that CRCs form three distinct DNA methylation subsets, which are referred to as the high-, intermediate- and low-methylation epigenotypes (HME, IME, and LME, respectively). A recent study by Yagi et al. found a fairly sensitive and specific identification of HME, IME and LME using two marker panels analysed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MassARRAY). However, the expensive equipment required for this method substantially increases the cost and complexity of the assay. Findings: In this article, we demonstrate the assessment of HME, IME and LME in a group of 233 sporadic CRCs using seven markers proposed by Yagi et al. The DNA methylation of each marker was quantified using combined bisulphite restriction analysis (COBRA) together with an analysis of various genetic factors associated with CRC (the BRAF and KRAS mutations and microsatellite instability (MSI)). The baseline methylation of each marker was generated from pooled DNA isolated from 50 normal colon tissues. Conclusions: We demonstrate that the correlation of HME, IME and LME epigenotyped by COBRA using different molecular classifiers is similar to that achieved by MassARRAY. Therefore, epigenotyping CRCs using COBRA is a simple, specific and cost-effective method that has the potential to be widely used in CRC research

Electrical Switch to the Resonant Magneto-Phonon Effect in Graphene

We report a comprehensive study of the tuning with electric fields of the resonant magneto-exciton optical phonon coupling in gated graphene. For magnetic fields around <i>B</i> ∼ 25 T that correspond to the range of the fundamental magneto-phonon resonance, the electron–phonon coupling can be switched on and off by tuning the position of the Fermi level in order to Pauli block the two fundamental inter-Landau level excitations. The effects of such a profound change in the electronic excitation spectrum are traced through investigations of the optical phonon response in polarization resolved magneto-Raman scattering experiments. We report on the observation of a splitting of the phonon feature with satellite peaks developing at particular values of the Landau level filling factor on the low or on the high energy side of the phonon, depending on the relative energy of the discrete electronic excitation and of the optical phonon. Shifts of the phonon energy as large as ±60 cm^–1 are observed close to the resonance. The intraband electronic excitation, the cyclotron resonance, is shown to play a relevant role in the observed spectral evolution of the phonon response