80 research outputs found

    Farnesoid X Receptor Deficiency Improves Glucose Homeostasis in Mouse Models of Obesity

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    International audienceOBJECTIVE Bile acids (BA) participate in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis acting through different signaling pathways. The nuclear BA receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates pathways in BA, lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism, which become dysregulated in obesity. However, the role of FXR in obesity and associated complications, such as dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, has not been directly assessed. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Here, we evaluate the consequences of FXR deficiency on body weight development, lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance in murine models of genetic and diet-induced obesity. RESULTS FXR deficiency attenuated body weight gain and reduced adipose tissue mass in both models. Surprisingly, glucose homeostasis improved as a result of an enhanced glucose clearance and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. In contrast, hepatic insulin sensitivity did not change, and liver steatosis aggravated as a result of the repression of ÎČ-oxidation genes. In agreement, liver-specific FXR deficiency did not protect from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance, indicating a role for nonhepatic FXR in the control of glucose homeostasis in obesity. Decreasing elevated plasma BA concentrations in obese FXR-deficient mice by administration of the BA sequestrant colesevelam improved glucose homeostasis in a FXR-dependent manner, indicating that the observed improvements by FXR deficiency are not a result of indirect effects of altered BA metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Overall, FXR deficiency in obesity beneficially affects body weight development and glucose homeostasis

    Le mouvement "La Vie Nouvelle" et la guerre d'Algérie

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    Lestavel Jean. Le mouvement "La Vie Nouvelle" et la guerre d'AlgĂ©rie. In: Les Cahiers de l'Institut d'Histoire du Temps PrĂ©sent, n°9, octobre 1988. La guerre d’AlgĂ©rie et les chrĂ©tiens. pp. 155-170

    Relation entre la dermatite atopique et les allergies alimentaires pendant l'enfance (conseils Ă  l'officine)

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    LILLE2-BU Santé-Recherche (593502101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Régulation de l'homéostasie du cholestérol par les récepteurs nucléaires PPARa et LXR dans les macrophages primaires humains

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    Les maladies cardiovasculaires reprĂ©sentent la cause majeure de mortalitĂ© dans les pays industrialisĂ©s. L'athĂ©rosclĂ©rose est Ă  l'origine de nombreux dĂ©cĂšs par accidents ischĂ©miques aigĂŒs. Les macrophages jouent un rĂŽle essentiel dans le dĂ©veloppement de cette maladie. Les rĂ©cepteurs nuclĂ©aires Peroxysome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR) a et Liver X receptors (LXR) sont des rĂ©cepteurs nuclĂ©aires exprimĂ©s dans les macrophages humains et impliquĂ©s dans la modulation du mĂ©tabolisme des lipides. Des Ă©tudes cliniques chez l'homme et sur des modĂšles animaux ont montrĂ© que l'activation de PPARa et des LXR par leurs ligands synthĂ©tiques peut inhiber le dĂ©veloppement de l'athĂ©rosclĂ©rose. Ceci, indĂ©pendamment de leur effet sur les lipides plasmatiques par leurs actions au niveau de la paroi artĂ©rielle. Dans un premier temps, nous avons montrĂ© dans les macrophages primaires humains que les agonistes des rĂ©cepteurs nuclĂ©aires PPAR et LXR augmentent l'efflux de cholestĂ©rol vers l'apoAI non seulement par l'induction de l'expression du transporteur ABCA1 mais Ă©galement en mobilisant le cholestĂ©rol vers la membrane plasmique par l'induction des protĂ©ines NPC-1 et NPC-2. Dans un second temps, nous avons mis en Ă©vidence que l'activation de LXR induit Ă©galement la captation sĂ©lective des esters de cholestĂ©rol provenant des HDL. Cette rĂ©gulation fonctionnelle est associĂ©e Ă  une augmentation de l'efflux de cholestĂ©rol vers ces mĂȘmes HDL et Ă  une augmentation de l'expression de diffĂ©rentes protĂ©ines telles que l'apolipoprotĂ©ine E, la lipoprotĂ©ine lipase et la cavĂ©oline impliquĂ©es dans les phĂ©nomĂšnes de captation des esters de cholestĂ©rol. Ceci suggĂšre que l'effet anti-athĂ©rogĂšne de LXR soit assurĂ©, en partie, par l'augmentation des flux du cholestĂ©rol dans le macrophage humain. Nos travaux sont donc en Ă©troite adĂ©quation avec l'hypothĂšse de propriĂ©tĂ©s anti athĂ©rosclĂ©reuses des rĂ©cepteurs nuclĂ©aires par leur action directe sur la rĂ©gulation du mĂ©tabolisme du cholestĂ©rol dans le macrophage.The cardiovascular diseases represent the major cause of mortality in industrial countries. Atherosclerosis is responsible of many ischemic troubles. Macrophages play a pivotal role in the development of atherosclerosis. Peroxysome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and Liver X receptors (LXR) are nuclear receptors expressed in human macrophages that regulate the expression of genes controlling lipid metabolism. Clinical trials and studies on animal models show that PPAR alpha and LXRs agonists can repress development of atherosclerosis by their actions on arterial wall, especially on cholesterol homeostasis regulation in macrophages. First, we have shown that PPAR and LXR agonists induce NPC-1 and NPC-2 genes and proteins expression and stimulate the postlysosomal mobilization of cholesterol to plasma membrane, associated with inhibition of cellular cholesterol esterification. Cholesterol becomes more available for its efflux to extracellular acceptors via the ABCA1 pathway. Then, we have shown that LXR agonists induce a strong increase in selective cholesteryl ester uptake. This functional regulation is associated with an induction of cholesterol efflux out of the cell and an induction in several protein expressions as apolipoprotein E, lipoprotein lipase ans caveolin. These proteins are associated to cholesteryl ester uptake phenomenae. These results suggest that the LXR athero-protective effect is mediated in part by enhanced fluxes in cholesterol intracellular trafficking in the human macrophage.LILLE2-BU SantĂ©-Recherche (593502101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Intestine-Liver Cross-talk in Type 2 Diabetes and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

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    International audienceType 2 diabetes (T2D) and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) are pathologies whose prevalence continues to increase worldwide. Both diseases are precipitated by an excessive caloric intake, which promotes insulin resistance and fatty liver. The role of the intestine and its crosstalk with the liver in the development of these metabolic diseases is receiving increasing attention. Alterations in diet-intestinal microbiota interactions lead to the dysregulation of intestinal functions, resulting in altered metabolite and energy substrate production and increased intestinal permeability. Connected through the portal circulation, these changes in intestinal functions impact the liver and other metabolic organs, such as visceral adipose tissue, hence participating in the development of insulin resistance, and worsening T2D and NAFLD. Thus, targeting the intestine may be an efficient therapeutic approach to cure T2D and NAFLD. In this review, we will first introduce the signaling pathways linking T2D and NAFLD. Next, we will address the role of the gut-liver crosstalk in the development of T2D and NAFLD, with a particular focus on the gut microbiota and the molecular pathways behind the increased intestinal permeability and inflammation. Finally, we will summarize the therapeutic strategies which target the gut and its functions and are currently used or under development to treat T2D and NAFLD

    A Rare Case of Vagal Syncope

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