QUESTIONING POULTRY INDUSTRY ABOUT SUSTAINABILITY AND BONDS TO TERRITORIES: A CASE STUDY IN FRANCE AND BRAZIL

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5International audiencePoultry production chain is an integrated sector seen as "off land". However this chain is strongly interacting with territories leading to various impacts. Therefore to deal with sustainability requires transdisciplinarity and exchanges with numerous stakeholders. The first step is to define the studied dynamic system, here the "poultry production chain * county" aggregate. The second is to share between disciplines a common knowledge on this system through a unique representation. The third is to accept the approaches proposed by other disciplines even though time and space scales are consequently evolving. Due to the approach complexity, fruitful but time-consuming transactions between researchers are observed

Mathematical Modeling of Transport and Degradation of Feedstuffs in the Small Intestine

We describe a mathematical modeling of the digestion in the small intestine. The main interest of our work is to consider, at the same time, different aspects of the digestion i.e. the transport of the bolus all along the intestine, feedstuffs degradation according to the enzymes and local physical conditions, and nutrients absorption. A system of coupled ordinary differential equations is used to model these phenomena. The major unknowns of this system are the position of the bolus and its composition. This system of equations is solved numerically. We present different numerical computations for the degradation, absorption and transport of the bolus with acceptable accuracy with experimental data. The main feature and interest of this model are its generality. Even if we are at an early stage of development, our approach can be adapted to treat any kind of feedstuffs in any non-ruminant animal to predict the composition and velocity of bolus in the small intestine

POULTRY INDUSTRY AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TERRITORIES: WHAT LINKS? WHAT CONDITIONS?

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5International audienceThe relations between poultry industry and territories are specific in agriculture. Several reasons can be given: modern poultry farms are considered as off-land, poultry productive chain is driven by major industrial operator, and relocating the production is easy. For a better understanding of the sustainability of agricultural territories, it can be helpful to characterize some interactions between the production chain and the territories. For that, two contrasted countries, France and Brazil were chosen and within each, one territory with significant poultry production are considered. The "poultry production * territory" systems were studied and compared through a systemic approach. From this analysis, common features were obtained but also contrasted ones explaining, at least partially, the observed dynamics: positive in Brazil, less optimistic in France. However, sustainability should not be reduced to the economical growth and the other axis underlined that the double-sided impacts could also be found on the social or the environmental areas. A DPSIR model was used to understand and describe the changes in each system. As a main output, this work examines how the "poultry production * territory" system took place and evolved in each case, and discusses the main factors to evaluate sustainability resulting from the interaction between poultry production chain and territories

Livestock and Local Development: Going to a New Humananimal Relationship

Along the past ten years, the French National Agency for Research (ANR) has financed projects regarding livestock. Results of five projects were gathered to understand the long-term livestock trends. At the end of the 19th century, animal breeding was oriented towards the production of goods to meet the local, regional, national and global demand, according to the zone. The market gradually became the key-factor to norm both production and consumption. It is now integrating environmental norms and is starting to invest in the social domain. However, this economical vision of animal production does not take into account the other functions of livestock, from “farm fork” to “table fork”. So, in parallel to the multi-functionality of livestock at the farm level, which is mentioned by several authors, livestock has a significant role at the local scale. Furthermore, in the past four decades, animal production sector has known several serious scandals with severe consequences in human health. At the same time, the FAO scoop in 2006 about the significant environmental impact of animal breeding has chocked a large part of the human society. Hence, in parallel to the discredit of animal production towards the consumers, these successive crises have led a part of the local and global society to question the human-animal relationship. In this way, a large part of the urban population with no contact with the rural world, would easily believe in animal welfare, and break the supply chain leading to the slaughterhouse. And to confirm this trend, research institutes are already seeking alternatives to meat and animal proteins. Consequently, maybe it is time now to think imagine other farming systems based on other human-animal relationships and other environment-society interactions; and perhaps to establish an adequate set of policies to strengthen this perspective

Livestock and Local Development: Going to a New Human-Animal Relationship

Along the last ten years, the French National Agency for Research (ANR) has financed several projects regarding livestock at local and global scale. Five of these projects decided to gather their results in order to better understand the long-term livestock dynamics and the scenarios for the future. Research actions have been developed in fifteen sites in diverse biomes located in seven countries of Europe, Africa, America and Asia. Review of literature and preliminary data collected in the sites showed the high complexity of the livestock dynamics. For example, in some cases, intensification of the livestock farming systems regards land. In other cases, intensification regards labor. In other cases, breeders are adopting more extensive practices. Similar process had been noticed for the farm size which increases or decreases according to the site and the type of farms. Diverse strategies have been mentioned regarding marketing, collective actions and environment impacts. To face this complexity, the analysis has been developed site by site and project by project, before a comparative approach

Systemic Sclerosis–Associated Interstitial Lung Disease: How to Incorporate Two Food and Drug Administration–Approved Therapies in Clinical Practice

Systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) has the highest individual mortality of all rheumatic diseases and interstitial lung disease (ILD) is among the leading causes of SSc-related death. Two drugs are now approved by the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) and indicated for slowing the rate of decline in pulmonary function in patients with SSc-ILD: nintedanib (a tyrosine kinase inhibitor) and tocilizumab (the first biologic agent targeting the interleukin-6 pathway in SSc). In addition, two generic drugs with cytotoxic and immunoregulatory activity, mycophenolate mofetil and cyclophosphamide, have shown comparable efficacy in a Phase II trial but are not FDA-approved for SSc-ILD. In light of the heterogeneity of the disease, the optimal therapeutic strategy in the management of patients with SSc-ILD is still to be determined. The objectives of this review are two-fold: (1) review the body of research focused on the diagnosis and treatment of SSc-ILD; and (2) propose a practical approach for diagnosis, stratification, management, and therapeutic decision-making in this clinical context. This review presents a practical classification of SSc patients in terms of disease severity (subclinical vs. clinical ILD) and associated risk of progression (low vs. high risk). The pharmacological and non-pharmacological options as first and second-line therapy, as well as potential combination approaches, are discussed in light of the recent approval of tocilizumab for SSc-ILD