Cardiac Potassium Channels: Physiological Insights for Targeted Therapy.

The development of novel drugs specifically directed at the ion channels underlying particular features of cardiac action potential (AP) initiation, recovery, and refractoriness would contribute to an optimized approach to antiarrhythmic therapy that minimizes potential cardiac and extracardiac toxicity. Of these, K(+) channels contribute numerous and diverse currents with specific actions on different phases in the time course of AP repolarization. These features and their site-specific distribution make particular K(+) channel types attractive therapeutic targets for the development of pharmacological agents attempting antiarrhythmic therapy in conditions such as atrial fibrillation. However, progress in the development of such temporally and spatially selective antiarrhythmic drugs against particular ion channels has been relatively limited, particularly in view of our incomplete understanding of the complex physiological roles and interactions of the various ionic currents. This review summarizes the physiological properties of the main cardiac potassium channels and the way in which they modulate cardiac electrical activity and then critiques a number of available potential antiarrhythmic drugs directed at them

Pengaruh motivasi, gaya komunikasi, dan sifat pekerja terhadap prestasi karyawan di Kabupaten Serui

This research describes and analysis the influence of motivation, communication style and nature of work to performance Officer of labou. The population is officers of labour of Serui Regency amounting to 33 respender. This research is including research explanatory. As for technique analyze data with linear regreeion. The result of reseach indicate that threre are infuence which are positive and real among motivation, commmunications style and nature ofequal to 91.5% to labour capacitiy. Result of research also indicate that coeffient of regression bigger motivation than coefficient of reggession the nature of communications style and work,is thereby said that by motivation have dominan variable in fluence to labour capacity Offcer Of labour Sub-Province of Serui. Motivation which consist. of requirement of physical, requirement of security, social need, requirement of self regeard and requirement of xÂ’self aktualisasi represent dominant variable in influencing labour capacity. Result of motivation frequency distribution yield good average valaue that is to labour capacity, its meaning of motivation in a condition very good to labour capacity. Besides centring the effort the make-up of job, etcetera. As for equation with former research is about make-up of human resource especially about make-up of laaaabour capacity. The difference with former research is private sector employees work productifity while tgis research is labour capacity public servant of civil

Effects of levosimendan on isolated human internal mammary artery and saphenous vein: concurrent use with conventional vasodilators

WOS: 000376151100003PubMed ID: 26839979Graft spasm is a common problem in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). In this study, we aimed to investigate the interaction of levosimendan, a novel inodilator, with vasodilator agents that are clinically used for the treatment of graft spasm and with endogenous vasoconstrictors that are thought to play a role in graft vasospasm, in human internal mammary artery (IMA) and saphenous vein (SV). Isolated human IMA and SV segments derived from patients undergoing CABG were suspended in an organ bath. Responses to cumulative concentrations of noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (5-HT), papaverine, nitroglycerin (NG), and diltiazem were recorded before and after 10(-5) m levosimendan incubation (30 min). In addition, cumulative levosimendan responses were taken in vessels precontracted with NA or 5-HT. 10(-5) m levosimendan reduced NA E-max and sensitivity in IMA and SV, and 5-HT E-max responses in IMA. Moreover, levosimendan caused concentration-dependent relaxation in both grafts. Papaverine E-max or sensitivity was not altered by levosimendan neither in IMA nor in SV. Levosimendan diminished NG sensitivity in IMA and E-max responses in SV and decreased diltiazem E-max responses both in IMA and SV. Our results suggest that levosimendan may be used alone for prevention or treatment of graft spasm in IMA or in combination with papaverine in IMA and SV grafts. However, as concurrent administration with diltiazem or NG causes a reduction in relaxation in vitro, we suggest caution should be exercised when using levosimendan in combination with these agents