Morphological description and molecular detection of Pestalotiopsis sp on hazelnut in Serbia

In autumn 2015, hazelnut plants with leaf blight symptoms were noticed in a commercial plantation in the Province of Vojvodina, Serbia. Symptomatic samples were collected and submitted to laboratory analysis. Based on morphological characterization, the fungus isolated from the material was initially identified as Pestalotiopsis sp. Pathogenicity tests showed that two selected isolates infected hazelnut leaves and fruits that developed symptoms after artificial inoculation. The pathogen was re-isolated from diseased leaves and fruits, confirming Koch's postulates. Molecular identification was performed with sequence and phylogenetic analysis of ITS, EF1-alpha, and TUB genomic regions. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the results of the morphological identification. The detection of Pestalotiopsis sp., a causal agent of leaf blight on hazelnut in Serbia, is one of a few reports of these pathogenic fungi on hazelnut

Effect of freezing in the industrial conditions on quality of strawberry fruits

Freezing is the method usually used for preserving delicate fruit, because the product tends to maintain its original attributes, i.e., keeping its nutritional properties as close as possible to those of fresh fruit. Strawberry is a widespread and highly demanded fruit, but the fresh fruits are available in a short period of time and the largest amount of strawberry is processed by freezing. The aim of the paper is to determine the effect of process of freezing in the industrial conditions, with precooling, on the relevant parameters of the strawberry quality. The fruits were frozen in the conventional freezing tunnel by cold air temperature of –33 °C until reaching a temperature of –15 °C in the thermal center of the fruits. Packaged frozen fruits were stored in the chamber at –18 °C. In order to determine the changes in strawberry quality, the content of dry matter, total sugars and acids, pH, vitamin C, and sensory quality characteristics were analyzed. Also, quality index of the fresh and frozen strawberry is determined by calculation. The obtained results showed that there were no significant changes in the physicochemical parameters of quality after the freezing of the strawberry fruits. Significant changes are found in the sensory characteristics and the most remarkable is the loss of consistency and firmness of the frozen strawberry. Also, some modified color, taste and aroma of the strawberry fruit have been noticed after freezing in the industrial conditions

Pakovanje malina u modifikovnoj atmosferi - MAP

According to statistical data, Serbia is greatest exporter of raspberries at the world. Annually raspberry production is about 100.000 t, and there from 80% is exported in frozen state. Among concurrent that own raspberry place at Europe market are: Chile, Hungary and Poland. These producers, beside frozen raspberry offer also a fresh raspberry in the corresponding packaging, in order to extend shelf life and marketing. According to EU market data fresh raspberry in conform packaging achieve up to 15 EUR fore one kilo. In that case it should consider that except proper packaging and cooling each other treatment and storage is not necessary, in comparison with frozen raspberry export, it can multiply income. In these paper system of packaging is elaborated, type of packaging material and gas mixture in package wherein fresh and cool raspberry export, or MAP (Modified Atmosphere Packaging). By using MAP for raspberry, control growth of Botrytis, removing of ethylene, in combination with low temperature in distribution, shelf life of fresh raspberry can bee extended from 2 to 3 time, in a comparison with standard storage conditions of fresh raspberry in warehouse.Prema statističkim podacima, Srbija je najveći izvoznik malina na svetu. Godišnja proizvodnja se kreće do 100.000t maline, a od ove količine najveći deo, oko 80%, izveze se u smrznutom stanju. Među konkurentima koji svoju malinu plasiraju na evropskom tržištu javljaju se: Čile, Mađarska i Poljska. Ovi proizvođači su pored smrznute maline tržištu ponudili i svežu malinu u odgovarajućem pakovanju, kako bi joj produžili vreme čuvanja i prodaje. Prema podacima sa tržišta EU, sveža malina u odgovarajućem pakovanju dostiže cenu i do 15 EUR po kilogramu. Pri tome treba imati u vidu da je osim odgovarajućeg pakovanja i hlađenja svaka dalja prerada i skladištenje nepotrebno, što višestruko uvećava prihod u odnosu na izvoz smrznute maline. U ovom radu je obrađen način pakovanja, vrsta ambalažnog materijala i sastav atmosfere u kome se sveža ohlađena malina izvozi, ili "MAP" za malinu (Modified Atmosphere Packaging). Primenom MAP-a za malinu, kontrolom razvoja Botritisa, uklanjanjem etilena, uz odgovarajuću nisku temperaturu u distribuciji, vreme čuvanja sveže maline se može produžiti 2 do 3 puta u odnosu na standardne uslove čuvanja sveže maline u hladnjači

MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING OF RASPBERRIES-MAP

According to statistical data, Serbia is greatest exporter of raspberries at the world. Annually raspberry production is about 100.000 t, and therefrom 80% is exported in frozen state. Among concurrents that owen raspberry place at Europe market are: Chile, Hungary and Poland. These producers, beside frozen raspberry offer also a fresh raspberry in the corresponding packaging, in order to extend shelf life and marketing. According to EU market data fresh raspberry in conform packaging achieve up to 15 EUR fore one kilo. In that case it should consider that except proper packaging and cooling each other treatment and storage is not necessary, in comparison with frozen raspberry export, it can multipi income. In these paper system of packaging is elaborated, type of packaging material and gas mixture in package wherein fresh and cool raspberry export, or MAP (Modified Atmosphere Packaging). By using MAP for raspberry, control growth of Botrytis, removing of ethylene, in combination with low temperature in distribution, shelf life of fresh raspberry can bee extended from 2 to 3 time, in a comparison with standard storage conditions of fresh raspberry in warehouse

Genetic diversity of Raspberry leaf blotch emaravirus in red raspberries from Serbia

Raspberry leaf blotch emaravirus (RLBV) is a recently characterised virus infecting raspberries reported in several European countries. RLBV causes yellow blotching, the distortion of leaf margins, and the twisting of raspberry leaves. For a long time, similar symptoms were attributed to the feeding damage caused by raspberry leaf and bud mite (Phyllocoptes gracilis). From 2014−2017, a large-scale survey was conducted in Serbia to investigate the degree of association of the observed symptoms with the RLBV infection. A total of 98 symptomatic and asymptomatic samples were collected from 30 locations. All collected samples were tested on the RLBV presence by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using three sets of RNA-specific primers targeting RNA-1, RNA-3, and RNA-5 of the RLBV genome. RT-PCR analysis revealed high incidence of RLBV in tested samples (68.7%). RLBV was confirmed in raspberries ‘Fertödi Zamatos’, ‘Glen Ample’, ‘Meeker’, ‘Polana’, ‘Tulameen’ and ‘Willamette’. Twenty-one isolates were selected for sequencing the portion of the nucleocapsid (NC) gene. The nucleotide sequences of the isolates showed 93.2−100% identity. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed significant genetic variability of the Serbian RLBV isolates based on the nucleocapsid-encoding sequences and revealed the existence of two main clusters. Phylogenetic analysis of the 45 RLBV sequences from Finland, Slovakia, Scotland, and this study also confirmed the existence of two main clusters of isolates

Genetic diversity of Raspberry leaf blotch emaravirus in red raspberries from Serbia

Raspberry leaf blotch emaravirus (RLBV) is a recently characterised virus infecting raspberries reported in several European countries. RLBV causes yellow blotching, the distortion of leaf margins, and the twisting of raspberry leaves. For a long time, similar symptoms were attributed to the feeding damage caused by raspberry leaf and bud mite (Phyllocoptes gracilis). From 2014−2017, a large-scale survey was conducted in Serbia to investigate the degree of association of the observed symptoms with the RLBV infection. A total of 98 symptomatic and asymptomatic samples were collected from 30 locations. All collected samples were tested on the RLBV presence by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using three sets of RNA-specific primers targeting RNA-1, RNA-3, and RNA-5 of the RLBV genome. RT-PCR analysis revealed high incidence of RLBV in tested samples (68.7%). RLBV was confirmed in raspberries ‘Fertödi Zamatos’, ‘Glen Ample’, ‘Meeker’, ‘Polana’, ‘Tulameen’ and ‘Willamette’. Twenty-one isolates were selected for sequencing the portion of the nucleocapsid (NC) gene. The nucleotide sequences of the isolates showed 93.2−100% identity. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed significant genetic variability of the Serbian RLBV isolates based on the nucleocapsid-encoding sequences and revealed the existence of two main clusters. Phylogenetic analysis of the 45 RLBV sequences from Finland, Slovakia, Scotland, and this study also confirmed the existence of two main clusters of isolates

Incidence of viruses in highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) in Serbia

A large-scale survey for highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) viruses in Serbia was performed from 2011 to 2015. A total of 81 leaf samples from 15 locations were collected and analyzed for the presence of 8 viruses. Serological ELISA assay was performed to determine the presence of: Blueberry scorch virus (BlScV), Blueberry shock virus (BlShV), Blueberry shoestring virus (BSSV), Blueberry leaf mottle virus (BLMoV), Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) and Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV). All samples were tested for the presence of Blueberry red ringspot virus (BRRV) by PCR and for Blueberry mosaic-associated virus (BlMaV) by RT-PCR test. The analyses confirmed the presence of BlMaV in 8 (9.9%) samples and BRRV in 1 (1.2%) sample. No BlScV, BlShV, BLMoV, BSSV, TRSV or ToRSV viruses were detected in any of the analyzed samples

PROFITABILITY IN RASPBERRY PRODUCTION IN SERBIA

Serbian position on the world market in raspberry production might be held only by obtaining the level in quality and quantity of production. The development of intensive raspberry production requires the application of modern technology for cultivating and growing raspberry orchards; also it is necessary to plan and keep records on costs and production economy. Level of profitability is mostly dependent on range of raspberry production and buy-out price and it can be increased by lowering production costs, increasing yield per area unit as well as by applying better organization of raspberry production and buy-out

Promena kvaliteta i antioksidativne aktivnosti jagode nakon zamrzavanja

Natural antioxidants have been throughly studied in the latest decade, due to their beneficial effects on human health. Strawberry fruits have a lot of bioactive compounds which prevent unwanted oxido-redox reactions to taking place. The aim of this work was to study the influence of freezing process on strawberry fruits changes. The content of dry matter, total sugars and acids, vitamin C were determined, as well as sensory analysis of quality. Antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH method, testing the ability of DPPH radical neutralization. The results indicate that the freezing caused minor changes in chemical quality parameters. Changes in the sensory quality characteristics was higher.Prirodnim antioksidansima se pridaje velika pažnja i predmet su brojnih istraživanja tokom poslednje decenije. Plodovi jagode su bogati bioaktivnim komponentama koje imaju povoljan uticaj na zdravlje ljudi. Cilj rada je bio da se utvrde promene do kojih dolazi pri zamrzavanju plodova jagode. Analiziran je sadržaj suve materija, ukupnih šećera i kiselina, vitamina C, kao i senzorna analiza kvaliteta. Antioksidativni potencijal meren je DPPH metodom, ispitivanjem sposobnosti neutralizacije DPPH radikala. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da pri zamrzavanju plodova jagode ne dolazi do značajnih promena hemijskih parametara kvaliteta. Nešto su veće promene u senzornim karakteristikama kvaliteta

Morphological description and molecular detection of Pestalotiopsis sp. on hazelnut in Serbia

In autumn 2015, hazelnut plants with leaf blight symptoms were noticed in a commercial plantation in the Province of Vojvodina, Serbia. Symptomatic samples were collected and submitted to laboratory analysis. Based on morphological characterization, the fungus isolated from the material was initially identified as Pestalotiopsis sp. Pathogenicity tests showed that two selected isolates infected hazelnut leaves and fruits that developed symptoms after artificial inoculation. The pathogen was re-isolated from diseased leaves and fruits, confirming Koch’s postulates. Molecular identification was performed with sequence and phylogenetic analysis of ITS, EF1-α, and TUB genomic regions. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the results of the morphological identification. The detection of Pestalotiopsis sp., a causal agent of leaf blight on hazelnut in Serbia, is one of a few reports of these pathogenic fungi on hazelnut