Punitive inclusion: the political economy of irregular migration in the margins of Europe

Focusing on the treatment irregular migrants have received in Greece since the early 1990s, this article seeks to advance critical scholarship on how European countries have responded to migration from impoverished or otherwise disadvantaged parts of the globe over recent decades. The article first draws attention to ways in which purportedly exclusionary approaches to irregular migration control may be imperfect by design, insofar as restrictions are imposed on outflows to secure an exploitable workforce that serves important labour market needs and, by extension, dominant political interests in the ‘host’ state. Moving on to address the precise ways in which labour exploitation of irregular migrants is brought into effect, the article demonstrates how seemingly unrelated state policies and practices regarding matters of migration, welfare, employment and criminal justice, as well as certain manifestations of anti-migrant violence by non-state actors, may act in combination with one another to this end

Eyes Wide Shut: (Re)Situando a questão da Exclusão Social

Michel Foucault tinha razão em observar que há monstros à espreita cujas formas mudam com o passar da história do conhecimento e, ainda assim, nem a história do conhecimento, nem as histórias das assimetrias de poder que daí advêm são alguma vez escritas pela mão invisível de Júpiter ou suspensas pela intervenção messiânica de Dei ex machina. Se o nosso objectivo é o de descrever holisticamente, e talvez também o de ajudar a combater, a cada vez mais crescente exclusão do outro, então precisamos de recuar e trazer para diante da nossa lupa os processos sociais e humanos pelos quais, em primeiro lugar, percepções generalizadas e avaliações morais ganham conteúdo, forma e orientações reaccionárias. Desta forma, este artigo toma como ponto de partida a tese de Bauman segundo a qual a suspensão de processos de comunicação e as práticas de exclusão geográfica servem para abafar as précondições cognitivas e emocionais de qualquer juízo moral, assim estabelecendo os fundamentos da sua própria reprodução, como das suas consequências catastróficas. Se, como pretendo contra-argumentar, o envolvimento em formas físicas de comportamento exclusivista requer um peso moral significativo, este requer por sua vez a existência e a persistência de processos de comunicação. Em particular, a relegação cognitiva dos outros para o estatuto de seres moralmente inferiores é que espoleta, e perpetua, as emoções necessárias para o envolvimento moralizante em formas físicas de comportamento exclusivista.Michel Foucault was no doubt right to observe that ‘there are monsters on the prowl, whose form changes with the history of knowledge’, yet neither history of knowledge, nor the histories of power asymmetries this reflects and fuels in turn, are ever written by ‘the invisible hand of Jupiter’ or upended thanks to the messianic intervention of Dei ex machina. If we are holistically to account for, and perhaps also help overturn, the ever-growing physical exclusion of Otherness, then we need to take a step backwards and bring under our magnifying glass the social, man-made processes by which mass perceptions and mass moral evaluations are given content, shape, and reactionary directions in the first place. In so doing, this article takes issue with the Baumanian thesis that, in banning or suspending communication, practices of geographical exclusion serve to stifle the cognitive as well as emotional preconditions of any moral judgement, thereby also laying the foundations for their own reproduction, and for the reproduction of their catastrophic consequences. If, as it is counterargued, engagement in physical forms of exclusionary behaviour requires significant moral weight, moral weight itself requires the existence, and indeed persistence, of communication. In particular, cognitive relegation of others to the status of morally lesser beings is what sets in motion, and perpetuates, the emotions necessary for moralising engagement in physical forms of exclusionary behaviour

Introduction: democratisation and punishment

Die experimentelle Aufgabe dieser Arbeit bestand in der Bestimmung der Energieabhängigkeit der Schädigungsrate für die MetalleAluminium, Kupfer und Gold im Energiebereich von 1,o bis 3, 3 Mev. Im Verlauf der Arbeit ergab sich, daß für eine einwandfreie Bestimmung der "idealen 11 Schädigungsrate $\Delta \varphi_{io}$, der Schädigungsrate bei verschwindender Defektkonzentration $\Delta \varphi$ und ohne Auftreten von Störeinflüssen, für die betreffende Probe auch die Abhängigkeit der Schädigungsrate von der Defektkonzentration $\Delta \varphi$ bei einer Energie zu untersuchen ist. Diese Anforderung konnte im Rahmen einer anderen Aufgabenstellung an denselben Proben erledigt werden. Dabei ergab sich, daß die Schädigungsrate von Gold mit zunehmender Defektkonzentration zunächst nichtlinear abfällt und erst ab einer Defektkonzentration $\Delta \varphi = 5 x 10^{-8} \Omega cm$ bei Metallen im allgemeinen beobachteten, nahezu linearen Abfall mit zunehmender Defektkonzentration annimmt. Es wurde festgestellt, daß dieser Effekt von der Bestrahlungstemperatur abhängt. Weitere Untersuchungen bei Bestrahlungstemperaturen T<4,3°K waren jedoch mit der vorhandenen Apparatur nicht durchführbar. Die an Gold bestimmten Schädigungsraten können aufgrund dieses Effektes nicht ausgewertet werden. Außerdem muß angenommen werden, daß aufgrund dieses Effektes alle in der Literatur mitgeteilten Schädigungsraten mit einer merklichen Unsicherheit behaftet sind. Für die minimale Schwellenenergie $E_{d,min}$ wurde etwa 33 eV erhalten. Dieser Wert ist in guter Übereinstimmung mit dem von Bauer und Sosin$^{9)}$ angegebenen Wert von etwa 35 eV. Aus den eigenen Messungen an Aluminium und Kupfer und den Messungen anderer Autoren bei Energien unterhalb 1,o MeV wurde einegeglättete Kurve für die Energieabhängigkeit der Schadigungsrate von der minimalen Schwellenenergie E$_{d,min}$ bis zu der bei dergrößten Elektronenenergie maximal übertragbaren Enerrrie $E^{(N)}_{max}$ erhalten. Diese geglälttete Kurve wurde dann der Berechnung der Verlagerungsfunktion $\varphi _{F}P(E)n(E)$ zuerunde gelegt. Der Verlauf des differentiellen Wirkungsquerschnittes für Energieübertragung bei der Streuung eines Elektrons an einem Gitteratom bedingt, daß Energieübertragungen nahe $E^{(N)}_{max}$ sehr selten vorkommen. Energieübertragungen von der Größe der minimalen Schwellenenergie $E_{d,min}$ dagegen häufig. Das heißt, daß von Energien nahe $E^{(N)}_{max}$ nur ein kleiner Beitrag zu gemessenen Schädigungsraten $\Delta \varphi$ geleistet wird [...

'Glocal' disorder: causes, conduct and consequences of the 2008 Greek unrest

This article examines the unrest that emanated in Athens and rolled out across Greek cities in December 2008 as a case through which to advance understanding of how local, national and international arenas may together shape localised episodes of disorder. We begin by addressing the proximate and structural causes of the unrest, before turning to explore the multifarious character of protest actions, including novel and derivative forms of contestation deployed by protestors, and public debate about the appropriate apportioning of blame amongst the variety of actors involved. Finally, we look at the diverse outcomes of the unrest and their impact upon extant socio-political tensions. For each stage of the lifecycle of the unrest, we evaluate the relevance of international actors, practices and discourses. Our analysis of the Greek unrest of 2008 suggests, first, that the array of intersections between global, national and local dimensions of unrest are more diverse than has heretofore been recognised by pertinent scholarship; and second, that international or transnational factors may play a significant role in the emergence, conduct and consequences of disorder even in instances where national and local dynamics remain predominant

Arte y artificios: deconstruir la relación entre las artes y el encarcelamiento

Cuando la producción académica criminológica aborda la relación entre el arte y el encarcelamiento, se presta una atención desproporcionada al desarrollo y la efectividad de los programas formalizados y llevados a cabo por profesionales, los cuales reclaman «empoderar » y «rehabilitar» a los presos al introducirlos en el arte. Una tendencia más acusada en la Criminología académica es que los programas de arte en la cárcel y su investigación evaluativa son tratados de manera acrítica, desprovistos de las dimensiones sociopolíticas de su contexto, contenido, puesta en marcha y sus consecuencias. Con la vista puesta en intentar ampliar la dimensión de la literatura criminológica más allá de la programación de las artes como tal, el presente artículo comienza ofreciendo una síntesis del material desde un amplio abanico de disciplinas y fuentes para tratar el uso estatal del arte para controlar a los presos, y a segmentos del público más amplio, y el uso que hacen del arte los presos y miembros del público como herramientas de resistencia frente a los Estados penales. El artículo continúa con un análisis de las políticas que sustentan y envuelven la filosofía, la formación, la puesta en marcha, la efectividad y la investigación evaluativa de los programas basados en arte en la cárcel en el mundo angloamericano contemporáneo. Se argumenta que, mientras que los programas artísticos en prisión y su evaluación pertinente pueden desempeñar papeles verdaderamente positivos, se utilizan frecuentemente como medios para una variedad de fines latentes innobles.When criminological scholarship addresses the relationship between the arts and imprisonment, the focus is disproportionately on the development and effectiveness of formalised, practitioner- run prison programmes which claim to ‘empower’ and ‘rehabilitate’ prisoners by introducing them to the arts. A further tendency in pertinent criminological scholarship is that arts-in-prisons programmes and their research evaluation are approached uncritically, devoid of the socio-political dimensions of their context, content, conduct, and consequences. With a view to helping stretch the scope of criminological literature beyond prison arts programming as such, the present article begins by offering a synthesis of material from a diverse range of disciplines and sources to discuss both state use of the arts for the purposes of controlling prisoners and the broader public, and the use made of the arts by prisoners and portions of the broader public as tools of resistance to penal states. The article proceeds with an analysis of the politics surrounding and underpinning the philosophy, formation, operation, effectiveness, and research evaluation of arts-in-prisons programmes in the contemporary Anglo-American world. It is argued that, whilst arts-in-prisons programmes and pertinent evaluation research may perform truly positive roles, they are often employed as means to a variety of latent ignoble ends

On behalf of: European Society of Criminology can be found at: European Journal of Criminology Additional services and information for Suffering at the hands of the state: Conditions of imprisonment and prisoner health in contemporary Greece

Abstract With imprisonment rates rising in a large number of jurisdictions worldwide, ever more research attention has been paid to conditions of imprisonment and prisoner health. With a view to contributing to the emerging body of literature, this article offers a systematic summary of key findings from Greece. Prison establishments in this country are vastly overcrowded and material conditions of detainment are deplorable. Healthcare provision in prison is minimal and the prevalence of serious transmittable diseases and mental disorders amongst prisoner populations is high, as are the rates of deliberate self-harm, suicide and death more generally. Prisoner use of prescribed and illicit drugs is alarmingly common, especially as regards injection drugs, and drug overdose appears to account for the majority of deaths in custody

Popular visions of incarceration

Incarceration is attracting unprecedented levels of interest; globally, there are more prisons and more prisoners than ever. Mandatory sentencing has caused prison populations to boom. Law and order are central aspects of electoral success for governments in the United States, the UK, Europe, and Australia, who promise to deliver punitive justice