Les images abîmées : entre iconoclasme, pratiques religieuses et rituels « magiques »

La contribution se concentre sur le phénomène des images manipulées, voire abîmées, dans les régions alpines. En ces territoires, nous pouvons indiquer au moins trois typologies d'images abîmées. La première concerne l'image endommagée et dissimulée pour des motivations religieuses. La deuxième a trait à la manipulation de l'image par égratignure ou écriture sur la couche picturale, un phénomène signalant la volonté du fidèle d'indiquer sa présence dans l'église et en même temps une sorte de rituel d'appropriation physique de l'image. Le troisième type est l'image repeinte ou réadaptée (par exemple le « vandalisme pudibond » de la Réforme catholique ou la répétition d'une même représentation dans un style plus moderne). Les repeints et l'intégration des peintures dans des ensembles plus récents montrent l'intérêt des commanditaires à l'égard de leur paroisse, ainsi qu'une attitude de respect vis-à-vis des « images efficaces ». L'étude des peintures abîmées permet d'aborder le problème du rapport homme/image selon une perspective originale et de mettre en évidence la complexité de l'impact des arts visuels dans les sociétés chrétiennes occidentales durant de longs siècles.The contribution focuses on the phenomenon of the manipulated, or even degraded, images in the Alpine regions. In these territories we can find at least three categories of damaged images: the first concerns images damaged and concealed for religious motives; the second, manipulation of the image by scratching or writing on the layers of paint, a phenomenon indicating the believer’s intention of recording his presence in the church and at the same time a sort of ritual physically appropriating the image; in the third type the image is repainted or readapted (for instance, the Counter-reformation’s “prudish vandalism” or the reproduction of the same image in a more modern style). The cases of repainting and integrating paintings in more recent ensembles are evidence of the interest of those commissioning them for their parish, as well as a respect for “effective images”. Studying degraded paintings makes it possible to approach the man/image relationship problem according to an original perspective and to highlight the complexity of the visual arts’ impact in the Christian West throughout many centuries

Assessment of long-term prognosis at detection of early hepatocellular carcinoma remains unsolved

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Traveling, Admiring and Measuring. The Perception of the Swiss Landscape in Travel Literature

Cette contribution se base sur un choix de sources écrites et iconographiques cataloguées dans la banque de données Viatimages/Viaticalpes de l’Université de Lausanne. A travers une analyse ciblée de quelques exemples tirés de la banque de données, elle thématise les points suivants : 1. Comment s’articule le rapport entre texte et image ? Comme est-ce le paysage vient « construit » à travers les deux médias différents? 2. Comment change (si elle change) la description/la représentation des paysages sauvages ? 3. Comment et quand peut-on constater une « scientifisation » dans la perception du paysage et comment change-t-elle sa (=du paysage) représentation ? 4. Comment s’articule le savoir sur la nature dans les textes et dans les images

Current guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review with comparative analysis

The current epidemic of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is reshaping the field of hepatology all around the world. The widespread diffusion of metabolic risk factors such as obesity, type2-diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia has led to a worldwide diffusion of NAFLD. In parallel to the increased availability of effective anti-viral agents, NAFLD is rapidly becoming the most common cause of chronic liver disease in Western Countries, and a similar trend is expected in Eastern Countries in the next years. This epidemic and its consequences have prompted experts from all over the word in identifying effective strategies for the diagnosis, management, and treatment of NAFLD. Different scientific societies from Europe, America, and Asia-Pacific regions have proposed guidelines based on the most recent evidence about NAFLD. These guidelines are consistent with the key elements in the management of NAFLD, but still, show significant difference about some critical points. We reviewed the current literature in English language to identify the most recent scientific guidelines about NAFLD with the aim to find and critically analyse the main differences. We distinguished guidelines from 5 different scientific societies whose reputation is worldwide recognised and who are representative of the clinical practice in different geographical regions. Differences were noted in: the definition of NAFLD, the opportunity of NAFLD screening in high-risk patients, the noninvasive test proposed for the diagnosis of NAFLD and the identification of NAFLD patients with advanced fibrosis, in the follow-up protocols and, finally, in the treatment strategy (especially in the proposed pharmacological management). These difference have been discussed in the light of the possible evolution of the scenario of NAFLD in the next years

Negative Feedback Regulation of Auxin Signaling by ATHB8/ACL5–BUD2 Transcription Module

ABSTRACT The role of auxin as main regulator of vascular differentiation is well established, and a direct correlation between the rate of xylem differentiation and the amount of auxin reaching the (pro)cambial cells has been proposed. It has been suggested that thermospermine produced by ACAULIS5 (ACL5) and BUSHY AND DWARF2 (BUD2) is one of the factors downstream to auxin contributing to the regulation of this process in Arabidopsis . Here, we provide an in-depth characterization of the mechanism through which ACL5 modulates xylem differentiation. We show that an increased level of ACL5 slows down xylem differentiation by negatively affecting the expression of homeodomain-leucine zipper ( HD–ZIP ) III and key auxin signaling genes. This mechanism involves the positive regulation of thermospermine biosynthesis by the HD–ZIP III protein ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA HOMEOBOX8 tightly controlling the expression of ACL5 and BUD2 . In addition, we show that the HD–ZIP III protein REVOLUTA contributes to the increased leaf vascularization and long hypocotyl phenotype of acl5 likely by a direct regulation of auxin signaling genes such as LIKE AUXIN RESISTANT2 ( LAX2 ) and LAX3 . We propose that proper formation and differentiation of xylem depend on a balance between positive and negative feedback loops operating through HD–ZIP III genes