Mā te taki te kāhui ka tau - Te Waiaro ki te Reo Māori i ngā Hinonga Kāwanatanga

Ko te reo Ingarihi te reo whānui-te-mārama i roto i ngā kura, i te hapori whānui, i ngā hinonga Kāwanatanga hoki o Aotearoa. Ahakoa kua whakapau kaha te tokomaha o ngā tāngata ki te whakahaumanu i te reo Māori, kāore anō te reo Māori kia māori i ngā wāhi katoa o te hapori. Kāore te whai painga o te reo Māori i te kitea whānuitia e te tokomaha o Aotearoa. He mea whakamana-ā-ture te reo Māori ki Aotearoa i te tau 1987. I te tau 2003 Te Rautaki Reo Māori tuatahi i hangaia ai, ā, i whakahouhia i te tau 2014. Heoi, ka aro tēnei tuhinga ki ēnei rautaki me te whakatinanahia māriretia ōna e te Kāwanatanga ki ōna ratonga katoa. He arotake mātātuhi nō te mahere reo tēnei, ināhoki he huarahi matua hei whakahaumanu i ngā reo o te tokoiti; mā ngā wheako whaiaro o ngā kaimahi, o ētahi hinonga rerekē o te Kāwanatanga e kitea mai ai he ture ā-tuhi noa, he rautaki ā-tuhi noa ēnei ki te nuinga o ngā hinonga, arā, he kupu kau. Ka whakamahuki tēnei tuhinga i te āhuatanga o te mahere reo; he aha ngā mahi mahere reo kua mahia ki Hawai’i, ki Wēra, ki Kānata hei tauira, hei whakatauritenga mō Aotearoa, ā, ka whakamāramatia ngā mahi kua mahia ki Aotearoa. Ka miramiratia ngā hinonga Kāwanatanga hei wāhi whakahirahira ki te whakakaha i te reo Māori, ināhoki kāore anō tētahi atu tuhinga whakapae kia āta titiro ki ngā hinonga Kāwanatanga nei. Ko ngā kōrero a ngā kaiwhakauru te ngako o ētahi wāhanga. Ka whakamahuki ā rātou kōrero nei i te whakamahinga o te reo Māori; i ngā mahi hāpai, akiaki hoki i te reo Māori; tae atu ki te waiaro mō te reo Māori ki ō rātou ake hinonga. Ka aro ki ngā tāhuhu matua e toru i puta mai i ēnei uiuinga: te rahi o te reo ka whakamahia; te whakatinanatanga o Te Rautaki Reo Māori i ngā hinonga Kāwanatanga; ngā whāinga hoki o ngā kaimahi hei whakarato i ngā ratonga tika mō ngā kiritaki. Ka whakarawe te wāhanga whakamutunga i ētahi tohutohu hei ārahi i ngā hinonga Kāwanatanga ki te whakatinana i Te Rautaki Reo Māori. Ka whakakōpanihia tēnei tuhinga whakapae ki te taha whakahaere a ngā kaimahi, inā, ki te noho tangata whenua mai o te reo Māori me te wāhi ki te whakatinana i tā te kupu ā-tuhi, ā-waha, i kī atu ai

Mā te taki te kāhui ka tau - Te Waiaro ki te Reo Māori i ngā Hinonga Kāwanatanga

Ko te reo Ingarihi te reo whānui-te-mārama i roto i ngā kura, i te hapori whānui, i ngā hinonga Kāwanatanga hoki o Aotearoa. Ahakoa kua whakapau kaha te tokomaha o ngā tāngata ki te whakahaumanu i te reo Māori, kāore anō te reo Māori kia māori i ngā wāhi katoa o te hapori. Kāore te whai painga o te reo Māori i te kitea whānuitia e te tokomaha o Aotearoa. He mea whakamana-ā-ture te reo Māori ki Aotearoa i te tau 1987. I te tau 2003 Te Rautaki Reo Māori tuatahi i hangaia ai, ā, i whakahouhia i te tau 2014. Heoi, ka aro tēnei tuhinga ki ēnei rautaki me te whakatinanahia māriretia ōna e te Kāwanatanga ki ōna ratonga katoa. He arotake mātātuhi nō te mahere reo tēnei, ināhoki he huarahi matua hei whakahaumanu i ngā reo o te tokoiti; mā ngā wheako whaiaro o ngā kaimahi, o ētahi hinonga rerekē o te Kāwanatanga e kitea mai ai he ture ā-tuhi noa, he rautaki ā-tuhi noa ēnei ki te nuinga o ngā hinonga, arā, he kupu kau. Ka whakamahuki tēnei tuhinga i te āhuatanga o te mahere reo; he aha ngā mahi mahere reo kua mahia ki Hawai’i, ki Wēra, ki Kānata hei tauira, hei whakatauritenga mō Aotearoa, ā, ka whakamāramatia ngā mahi kua mahia ki Aotearoa. Ka miramiratia ngā hinonga Kāwanatanga hei wāhi whakahirahira ki te whakakaha i te reo Māori, ināhoki kāore anō tētahi atu tuhinga whakapae kia āta titiro ki ngā hinonga Kāwanatanga nei. Ko ngā kōrero a ngā kaiwhakauru te ngako o ētahi wāhanga. Ka whakamahuki ā rātou kōrero nei i te whakamahinga o te reo Māori; i ngā mahi hāpai, akiaki hoki i te reo Māori; tae atu ki te waiaro mō te reo Māori ki ō rātou ake hinonga. Ka aro ki ngā tāhuhu matua e toru i puta mai i ēnei uiuinga: te rahi o te reo ka whakamahia; te whakatinanatanga o Te Rautaki Reo Māori i ngā hinonga Kāwanatanga; ngā whāinga hoki o ngā kaimahi hei whakarato i ngā ratonga tika mō ngā kiritaki. Ka whakarawe te wāhanga whakamutunga i ētahi tohutohu hei ārahi i ngā hinonga Kāwanatanga ki te whakatinana i Te Rautaki Reo Māori. Ka whakakōpanihia tēnei tuhinga whakapae ki te taha whakahaere a ngā kaimahi, inā, ki te noho tangata whenua mai o te reo Māori me te wāhi ki te whakatinana i tā te kupu ā-tuhi, ā-waha, i kī atu ai

Mā te huruhuru te manu ka rere – The Formation of Māori Identity in Dunedin High Schools

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor of Arts (Honours), in Māori Studies at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.In the absence of culturally strong home bases and the opportunities to interact in a Māori environment in Dunedin, young Māori must look for other avenues where they can establish a sense of being Māori. Secondary schools are one area in which they can develop and construct their Māori identity. Through the experiences of five former Dunedin high school students this dissertation will investigate how secondary schools in Dunedin effect the development and formation of Māori identity.UnpublishedAnderson, A. 1983. When All the Moa Ovens Grew Cold. Dunedin: Otago Heritage Books Anderson, A. 1998. The Welcome of Strangers. Dunedin: University of Otago Press Barrington, J. 2008. Separate but Equal? Māori Schools and the Crown 1867-1969. Wellington: Victoria University Press Best, E. 1986. The Maori School of Learning. Dominion Museum Monograph (No. 6). Wellington: Government Printer Branch, C.W. 1999. “Race and Human Development” in R.H. Sheets & E.R. Hollins (eds.) Racial and Ethnic Identity in School Practices. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, pp.7-29 Brayboy, B.M.J. 2004. “Hiding in the Ivy: American Indian Students and Visibility in Elite Educational Settings” Harvard Educational Review, 74(2), pp.125-152 Cross, W. 1978. “The Thomas and Cross Models of Psychological Nigrescence: A Literature Review” Journal of Black Pyschology, 4, pp.13-31 Dacker, B. 1994. Te Mamae me te Aroha – the Pain and the Love. Dunedin: University of Otago Press Genetic Science Learning Centre. 2008. “Inherited Human Traits: A Quick Reference” Learn Genetics. Online. Available: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu (7 Oct 2009) Good, C. Dweck, C.S. & Aronson, J. 2007. “Social Identity, Stereotype Threat, and Self- Theories” in A.J. Fuligni (ed) Contesting Stereotypes and Creating Identities. New York: Russell Sage Foundation Harrison, B. 1998. “Te Wharekura o Rakaumangamanga: The Development of an Indigenous Language Immersion School” Bilingual Research Journal, 22(4, 5 & 6), pp.103-122. Hokowhitu, B. 2004. “Te tāminga o te mātauranga Māori – Colonisation in education” in T.M Ka’ai, J.C Moorfield, M.P.J Reilly & S. Mosley (eds.) Ki te Whaiao: An Introduction to Māori Culture and Society. Auckland: Pearson Education New Zealand Limited, pp.190- 200 Hunn, J.K. 1960. Report on Department of Maori Affairs. Wellington: Government Printer Ka’ai, T.M. & Higgins, R. 2004. “Te ao Māori – Māori world-view” in T.M Ka’ai, J.C Moorfield, M.P.J Reilly & S. Mosley (eds.) Ki te Whaiao: An Introduction to Māori Culture and Society. Auckland: Pearson Education New Zealand Limited, pp.13-25 Ka’ai-Oldman, T. 1988. “A History of New Zealand Education from a Māori Perspective” in W. Hirsh & R. Scott (eds.) Getting it Right: Aspects of Ethnicity and Equity in New Zealand Education. Auckland: The Office of the Race Relations Conciliator, pp.22-29 Kim, J. 1981. “The Process of Asian-American identity development: A study of Japanese American women’s perceptions of the struggle to achieve positive identities as Americans or Asians” Electronic Doctoral Dissertations for UMass Amherst. Online. Available: http://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI8118010 (4 Oct 2009) Jenkins, K. 1994. “Māori Education: A Cultural Experience and Dilemma for the State – a New Direction for Maori Society” in E. Coxon, K. Jenkins, J. Marshall, L. Massey (eds.) The Politics of Learning and Teaching in Aotearoa New Zealand. Dunmore: Palmerston North, pp.148-179 Matunga, H.P. 2000. “Urban ecology, tangata whenua and the colonial city” in G. H. Stewart & M. E. Ignatieva (eds.), Urban biodiversity and ecology as a basis for holistic planning and design: Proceedings of a workshop held at Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand: Wickliffe Press, pp.65-71 Maxwell, K.A. 2002. “Friends: The Role of Peer Influence Across Adolescent Risk Behaviors” Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 31(4), pp.267-277 May, S. 2004. “Māori-medium Education in Aotearoa/New Zealand” in J.W. Tollefson & A.B.M. Tsui (eds.) Medium of Instruction Policies: Which Agenda? Whose Agenda? New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associations, pp.21-41 Mead, H.M. 2003. Tikanga Māori. Wellington: Huia Publishers Metge, J. 1964. A New Maori Migration. London: University of London, the Athlone Press Metge, J. 1976. The Maoris of New Zealand: Rautahi. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd McLintock, A.H. 1975. The History of Otago. Christchurch: Capper Press Ministry of Education. 2008. “Māori Education” New Zealand Education. Online. Available: http://www.minedu.govt.nz/NZEducation/EducationPolicies/MaoriEducation/AboutMaori Education/WhatWeDo.aspx (31 Aug 2009) Ministry of Education. 2009. “Māori Education Statistics” Education Counts. Online. Available: http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/statistics/maori_education (31 Aug 2009) Moorfield, J.C. 2005. Te Aka: Māori-English, English-Māori Dictionary and Index. Auckland: Pearson Education New Zealand Limited Nagel, J. 1994. “Constructing Ethnicity: Creating and Recreating Ethnic Identity and Culture” Social Problems, 41 (1) Special Issue on Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in America, pp.152-176. Naylor, S. 2006. Tā te Pūnaha Mātauranga o Aotearoa he Kaikai Haere i te Oranga Tonutanga o te Reo: The Perpetuation of Māori Language Loss in the New Zealand Education System – A Pākehā Perspective. MIndS Research Report. Dunedin: University of Otago New Zealand Council for Educational Research. 1972. Compulsory Education in New Zealand. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation Openshaw, R. Lee, G. & Lee, H. 1993. Challenging the Myths: Rethinking New Zealand’s Education History. Palmerston North: Dunmore Press Oyserman, D. Brickman, D. & Rhodes, M. 2007. “Racial-Ethnic Identity: Content and Consequences for African American, Latino, and Latina Youths” in A.J Fuligni (ed) Contesting Stereotypes and Creating Identities. New York: Russel Sage Foundation, pp.91-114. Paringatai, K. and Matthews, N.W. 2004. 'Ngā mahi a Tāne-rore me Te Rēhia: Performing Arts'. In T.M. Ka'ai, J.C. Moorfield, M.P. J. Reilly & S. Mosely. (eds.) Ki te Whaiao: An Introduction to Māori Culture and Society. Auckland: Pearson Education Parliamentary Counsel Office. 2009. “Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993/Maori Land Act 2003” New Zealand Legislation: Acts. Online. Available: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0004/latest/DLM289882.html (12 Oct 2009) Phinney, J.S. 1990. “Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of the research” Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), pp.499-514 Phinney, J.S. 1993. “A Three-Stage Model of Ethnic Identity Development in Adolescents” in M.E. Bernal & G.P Knight (eds.) Ethnic identity: formation and transmission among Hispanics and other minorities. New York: State University of New York Press, pp.61-80 Phinney, J.S. 2008. “Ethnic Identity Exploration in Emerging Adulthood” in Browning, D.L. Adolescent Identities – A Collection of Readings, New York: The Analytic Press, pp.47- 66. Rangihau, J. 1975. “Being Maori” in M. King (ed.) Te Ao Hurihuri, Auckland: Octopus Publishing Group, pp.183-190 Rata, E. 2000. A political economy of neotribal capitalism. Maryland, USA: Lexington Books Reed, A.H. 1947. The Story of Otago, Wellington: A.H & A.W Reed Reedy, T. 2000. “Te Reo Māori: The Past 20 Years and Looking Forward” Oceanic Linguistics, 39 (1), pp.157-169 Richards, R. 1995. 'Murihiku' Reviewed: A revised history of Southern New Zealand from 1804 to 1844. Wellington: Lithographic Services Ritchie, J.E. 1963. The Making of a Maori. Wellington: A.H & A.W Reed Sheets, R.H. 1999. “Human Development and Ethnic Identity” in R.H. Sheets & E.R. Hollins (eds.) Racial and Ethnic Identity in School Practices. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, pp.91-101 Simon, J. 1994. “Historical Perspectives on Education in New Zealand” in E. Coxon, K. Jenkins, J. Marshall, L. Massey (eds.), The Politics of Learning and Teaching in Aotearoa New Zealand. Dunmore: Palmerston North, pp.34-81 Smith, Graham. 1990. “Taha Maori Pakeha Capture” in J. Codd, R. Harker, & R. Nash, (eds.) Political Issues in New Zealand Education. Palmerston North: Dunmore Press, pp.183- 197 Statistics New Zealand. 1999. “Otago” New Zealand: A Regional Profile. Online. Available: http://search.stats.govt.nz/nav/ct2/population_migration/ct1/population/ (28 June 2009) Statistics New Zealand. 2006. “QuickStats About Dunedin City” 2006 Census. Online. Available: http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage.aspx (28 June 2009) Tau, Rawiri Te Maire. 2003. Ngā Pikitūroa o Ngāi Tahu – The Oral Traditions of Ngāi Tahu, Dunedin: University of Otago Press Te Tumu – School of Māori, Pacific Island & Indigenous Studies. 2004. Postgraduate Prospectus. Dunedin: University of Otago Valentine, A. 2009. Ngā Puhi. Kōhanga Reo Administrator. Personal communication Waitangi Tribunal. 1991. Ngāi Tahu Report 1991. Vol. 2, pp.175-668 Watt, W.J. 1974. Dunedin’s Historical Background. Dunedin: Dunedin City Council Walker, R.J. 1975. “Marae: A Place to Stand” in M. King (ed.) Te Ao Hurihuri, Auckland: Octopus Publishing Group, pp.15-28 Walker, R.J. 1989. “Maori Identity” in D.Novitz and B.Willmott (eds) Culture and Identity in New Zealand. Wellington: GP Books, pp.35-52 Walker, R.J. 1990. Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou – Struggle Without End. Auckland: Penguin Books (NZ) Ltd Webber, M. 2008. Walking the Space Between. Wellington: NZCER Press Williams, J. 2004. “Ngā hekenga waka – Canoe migrations” in T.M Ka’ai, J.C Moorfield, M.P.J Reilly & S. Mosley (eds.) Ki te Whaiao: An Introduction to Māori Culture and Society. Auckland: Pearson Education New Zealand Limited, pp.26-35 Wilson, A. 2009. “Maori Students Otago Region” Ministry of Education, Dunedi

He manu hou ahau, he pī ka rere: The transition of Māori language immersion students to the University of Otago

The primary objective of this thesis is to investigate the transitional experiences of graduates from Māori language immersion secondary schools to tertiary education. The thesis will show how Māori language immersion schools provide educational experiences that differ from mainstream schools and how this affects the transition of Māori language immersion education students to the University of Otago. Through the experiences of six students who attended Māori language immersion schools this thesis will explore their academic and social transition to the University of Otago. It will look at the coping mechanisms that the participants employed and the services the University provides that were utilised to help them transition into a new educational setting. This thesis will highlight the effectiveness of the University of Otago in facilitating the transition of Māori language immersion education students to the university, and where improvements could be made

Mā te huruhuru te manu ka rere – The Formation of Māori Identity in Dunedin High Schools

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor of Arts (Honours), in Māori Studies at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.In the absence of culturally strong home bases and the opportunities to interact in a Māori environment in Dunedin, young Māori must look for other avenues where they can establish a sense of being Māori. Secondary schools are one area in which they can develop and construct their Māori identity. Through the experiences of five former Dunedin high school students this dissertation will investigate how secondary schools in Dunedin effect the development and formation of Māori identity.UnpublishedAnderson, A. 1983. When All the Moa Ovens Grew Cold. Dunedin: Otago Heritage Books Anderson, A. 1998. The Welcome of Strangers. Dunedin: University of Otago Press Barrington, J. 2008. Separate but Equal? Māori Schools and the Crown 1867-1969. Wellington: Victoria University Press Best, E. 1986. The Maori School of Learning. Dominion Museum Monograph (No. 6). Wellington: Government Printer Branch, C.W. 1999. “Race and Human Development” in R.H. Sheets & E.R. Hollins (eds.) Racial and Ethnic Identity in School Practices. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, pp.7-29 Brayboy, B.M.J. 2004. “Hiding in the Ivy: American Indian Students and Visibility in Elite Educational Settings” Harvard Educational Review, 74(2), pp.125-152 Cross, W. 1978. “The Thomas and Cross Models of Psychological Nigrescence: A Literature Review” Journal of Black Pyschology, 4, pp.13-31 Dacker, B. 1994. Te Mamae me te Aroha – the Pain and the Love. Dunedin: University of Otago Press Genetic Science Learning Centre. 2008. “Inherited Human Traits: A Quick Reference” Learn Genetics. Online. Available: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu (7 Oct 2009) Good, C. Dweck, C.S. & Aronson, J. 2007. “Social Identity, Stereotype Threat, and Self- Theories” in A.J. Fuligni (ed) Contesting Stereotypes and Creating Identities. New York: Russell Sage Foundation Harrison, B. 1998. “Te Wharekura o Rakaumangamanga: The Development of an Indigenous Language Immersion School” Bilingual Research Journal, 22(4, 5 & 6), pp.103-122. Hokowhitu, B. 2004. “Te tāminga o te mātauranga Māori – Colonisation in education” in T.M Ka’ai, J.C Moorfield, M.P.J Reilly & S. Mosley (eds.) Ki te Whaiao: An Introduction to Māori Culture and Society. Auckland: Pearson Education New Zealand Limited, pp.190- 200 Hunn, J.K. 1960. Report on Department of Maori Affairs. Wellington: Government Printer Ka’ai, T.M. & Higgins, R. 2004. “Te ao Māori – Māori world-view” in T.M Ka’ai, J.C Moorfield, M.P.J Reilly & S. Mosley (eds.) Ki te Whaiao: An Introduction to Māori Culture and Society. Auckland: Pearson Education New Zealand Limited, pp.13-25 Ka’ai-Oldman, T. 1988. “A History of New Zealand Education from a Māori Perspective” in W. Hirsh & R. Scott (eds.) Getting it Right: Aspects of Ethnicity and Equity in New Zealand Education. Auckland: The Office of the Race Relations Conciliator, pp.22-29 Kim, J. 1981. “The Process of Asian-American identity development: A study of Japanese American women’s perceptions of the struggle to achieve positive identities as Americans or Asians” Electronic Doctoral Dissertations for UMass Amherst. Online. Available: http://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI8118010 (4 Oct 2009) Jenkins, K. 1994. “Māori Education: A Cultural Experience and Dilemma for the State – a New Direction for Maori Society” in E. Coxon, K. Jenkins, J. Marshall, L. Massey (eds.) The Politics of Learning and Teaching in Aotearoa New Zealand. Dunmore: Palmerston North, pp.148-179 Matunga, H.P. 2000. “Urban ecology, tangata whenua and the colonial city” in G. H. Stewart & M. E. Ignatieva (eds.), Urban biodiversity and ecology as a basis for holistic planning and design: Proceedings of a workshop held at Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand: Wickliffe Press, pp.65-71 Maxwell, K.A. 2002. “Friends: The Role of Peer Influence Across Adolescent Risk Behaviors” Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 31(4), pp.267-277 May, S. 2004. “Māori-medium Education in Aotearoa/New Zealand” in J.W. Tollefson & A.B.M. Tsui (eds.) Medium of Instruction Policies: Which Agenda? Whose Agenda? New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associations, pp.21-41 Mead, H.M. 2003. Tikanga Māori. Wellington: Huia Publishers Metge, J. 1964. A New Maori Migration. London: University of London, the Athlone Press Metge, J. 1976. The Maoris of New Zealand: Rautahi. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd McLintock, A.H. 1975. The History of Otago. Christchurch: Capper Press Ministry of Education. 2008. “Māori Education” New Zealand Education. Online. Available: http://www.minedu.govt.nz/NZEducation/EducationPolicies/MaoriEducation/AboutMaori Education/WhatWeDo.aspx (31 Aug 2009) Ministry of Education. 2009. “Māori Education Statistics” Education Counts. Online. Available: http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/statistics/maori_education (31 Aug 2009) Moorfield, J.C. 2005. Te Aka: Māori-English, English-Māori Dictionary and Index. Auckland: Pearson Education New Zealand Limited Nagel, J. 1994. “Constructing Ethnicity: Creating and Recreating Ethnic Identity and Culture” Social Problems, 41 (1) Special Issue on Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in America, pp.152-176. Naylor, S. 2006. Tā te Pūnaha Mātauranga o Aotearoa he Kaikai Haere i te Oranga Tonutanga o te Reo: The Perpetuation of Māori Language Loss in the New Zealand Education System – A Pākehā Perspective. MIndS Research Report. Dunedin: University of Otago New Zealand Council for Educational Research. 1972. Compulsory Education in New Zealand. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation Openshaw, R. Lee, G. & Lee, H. 1993. Challenging the Myths: Rethinking New Zealand’s Education History. Palmerston North: Dunmore Press Oyserman, D. Brickman, D. & Rhodes, M. 2007. “Racial-Ethnic Identity: Content and Consequences for African American, Latino, and Latina Youths” in A.J Fuligni (ed) Contesting Stereotypes and Creating Identities. New York: Russel Sage Foundation, pp.91-114. Paringatai, K. and Matthews, N.W. 2004. 'Ngā mahi a Tāne-rore me Te Rēhia: Performing Arts'. In T.M. Ka'ai, J.C. Moorfield, M.P. J. Reilly & S. Mosely. (eds.) Ki te Whaiao: An Introduction to Māori Culture and Society. Auckland: Pearson Education Parliamentary Counsel Office. 2009. “Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993/Maori Land Act 2003” New Zealand Legislation: Acts. Online. Available: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0004/latest/DLM289882.html (12 Oct 2009) Phinney, J.S. 1990. “Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of the research” Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), pp.499-514 Phinney, J.S. 1993. “A Three-Stage Model of Ethnic Identity Development in Adolescents” in M.E. Bernal & G.P Knight (eds.) Ethnic identity: formation and transmission among Hispanics and other minorities. New York: State University of New York Press, pp.61-80 Phinney, J.S. 2008. “Ethnic Identity Exploration in Emerging Adulthood” in Browning, D.L. Adolescent Identities – A Collection of Readings, New York: The Analytic Press, pp.47- 66. Rangihau, J. 1975. “Being Maori” in M. King (ed.) Te Ao Hurihuri, Auckland: Octopus Publishing Group, pp.183-190 Rata, E. 2000. A political economy of neotribal capitalism. Maryland, USA: Lexington Books Reed, A.H. 1947. The Story of Otago, Wellington: A.H & A.W Reed Reedy, T. 2000. “Te Reo Māori: The Past 20 Years and Looking Forward” Oceanic Linguistics, 39 (1), pp.157-169 Richards, R. 1995. 'Murihiku' Reviewed: A revised history of Southern New Zealand from 1804 to 1844. Wellington: Lithographic Services Ritchie, J.E. 1963. The Making of a Maori. Wellington: A.H & A.W Reed Sheets, R.H. 1999. “Human Development and Ethnic Identity” in R.H. Sheets & E.R. Hollins (eds.) Racial and Ethnic Identity in School Practices. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, pp.91-101 Simon, J. 1994. “Historical Perspectives on Education in New Zealand” in E. Coxon, K. Jenkins, J. Marshall, L. Massey (eds.), The Politics of Learning and Teaching in Aotearoa New Zealand. Dunmore: Palmerston North, pp.34-81 Smith, Graham. 1990. “Taha Maori Pakeha Capture” in J. Codd, R. Harker, & R. Nash, (eds.) Political Issues in New Zealand Education. Palmerston North: Dunmore Press, pp.183- 197 Statistics New Zealand. 1999. “Otago” New Zealand: A Regional Profile. Online. Available: http://search.stats.govt.nz/nav/ct2/population_migration/ct1/population/ (28 June 2009) Statistics New Zealand. 2006. “QuickStats About Dunedin City” 2006 Census. Online. Available: http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage.aspx (28 June 2009) Tau, Rawiri Te Maire. 2003. Ngā Pikitūroa o Ngāi Tahu – The Oral Traditions of Ngāi Tahu, Dunedin: University of Otago Press Te Tumu – School of Māori, Pacific Island & Indigenous Studies. 2004. Postgraduate Prospectus. Dunedin: University of Otago Valentine, A. 2009. Ngā Puhi. Kōhanga Reo Administrator. Personal communication Waitangi Tribunal. 1991. Ngāi Tahu Report 1991. Vol. 2, pp.175-668 Watt, W.J. 1974. Dunedin’s Historical Background. Dunedin: Dunedin City Council Walker, R.J. 1975. “Marae: A Place to Stand” in M. King (ed.) Te Ao Hurihuri, Auckland: Octopus Publishing Group, pp.15-28 Walker, R.J. 1989. “Maori Identity” in D.Novitz and B.Willmott (eds) Culture and Identity in New Zealand. Wellington: GP Books, pp.35-52 Walker, R.J. 1990. Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou – Struggle Without End. Auckland: Penguin Books (NZ) Ltd Webber, M. 2008. Walking the Space Between. Wellington: NZCER Press Williams, J. 2004. “Ngā hekenga waka – Canoe migrations” in T.M Ka’ai, J.C Moorfield, M.P.J Reilly & S. Mosley (eds.) Ki te Whaiao: An Introduction to Māori Culture and Society. Auckland: Pearson Education New Zealand Limited, pp.26-35 Wilson, A. 2009. “Maori Students Otago Region” Ministry of Education, Dunedi

Artificial spawning substrates and participatory research to foster cuttlefish stock recovery: A pilot study in the Adriatic Sea.

This two-year study evaluates the effects of new management strategies directed at helping the recovery of Adriatic cuttlefish populations. The ability of three specially developed artificial spawning devices-seagrass collectors (SC; deployed on artificial reefs), longline collectors (LC; deployed at mussel farms), and trap collectors (TC; delivered to 19 professional and 54 recreational trap fishermen together with a dedicated logbook)-to attract egg deposition was tested. All devices were provided with a polyethylene floating rope 8 mm in diameter that served as a collector for egg deposition. Total rope length was 1,440 m in SC (2,880 segments of 0.5 m), 250 m in LC (500 segments of 0.5 m), and 250 m in TC (10 m per trap). Although the sites where SC and LC were deployed were sheltered from the action of destructive fishing gears, heavy winter storms destroyed the SC after a year. Most recreational fishermen and none of the professional fishermen provided detailed information on percent egg coverage on their collectors. The collectors attached to the three devices proved highly suitable for cuttlefish spawning, collecting more than 500,000 eggs on 2,440 m of rope. The analysis of egg diameter distribution suggested three laying events during the spawning season. The logbook data showed that egg number peaked in June. The present approach, combining habitat reconstruction and participatory research, has the potential to contribute to the recovery of cuttlefish stocks in the framework of a broader management plan