Theatrum architecturae civilis

THEATRUM ARCHITECTURAE CIVILIS Theatrum architecturae civilis (-) Einband (-) Titelseite (-) Dem hochwürdigsten Fürsten und Herrn Lothario Francisco, Ertzbischoffen und Chur-Fürsten zu Mainz (-) Vorrede an den günstigen Leser (1) Erstes Buch (3) Caput I. Die Definition der Architektur (3) Caput II. Composition der Architektur (7) Caput III. Was bey Anfang eines Gebäues muß consideriret werden (10) Caput IV. Handelt von jedem Holz ins gemein (11) Caput V. Handelt von Steinen (13) Caput VI. Handelt von Artificial Steinen (14) Caput VII. Handelt von Kalck (18) Caput VIII. Handelt vom Sande (19) Caput IX. Handelt von Metallen (19) Caput X. Handelt von der Qualität deß Erdreichs (20) Caput XI. Handelt von Maniren der Mauern (-) Caput XII. Handelt von innerlichen Zierathen (26) Ander Buch: zeiget die Fundamenta der Columnatio und Architectur (-) Caput I. (29) Caput II (31) Caput III. Handelt von Säulen (33) Caput IV. Handelt von Maniren der Inter-Columnen (35) Caput V. Handelt von Aspecten der Templen (37) Drittes Buch: zeiget Parallelischer Weise durch Palladio und Vignola die Proportion der Arcaden und Piedestallen (-) Caput I (77) Caput II. Proportion der Arcaden. Palladio und Vignola, Ordine Toscano (78) Caput III. Palladio und Vignola, Arcade Ordine Dorico (79) Caput IV. Palladio und Vignolae, Arcade Ordine Jonico (-) Caput V. Palladio und Vignola, Arcade Ordine Corinthio (82) Caput VI. Palladio, Arcade Ordine Composito (-) Caput VII. (84) Caput VIII. Discurs über die Proportion (85) Caput IX. Proportion der Gemächer (89) Caput X. Proportion zur Höhe der Gemächer (89) Caput XI. Observation über die Gewölbe der Gemächer (90) Caput XII. Handelt von Gewölben und ihren Zügen (91) Caput XIII. Proportion der Stiegen (92) Caput XIV. Proportion der Thüren (95) Caput XV. Proportion der Fenster (96) Caput XVI. Theilung der Fenster und Thür Gesimbse (97) Caput XVII. Handelt von Dächern (98) Caput XVIII (99) Etymologia, oder Explication etlicher Terminorum oder Wörter der Architectur (100) Farbinformation (-) Einband (-

International interlaboratory validation of a nested PCR for molecular detection of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina, causative agents of bovine babesiosis

Babesia bovis and B. bigemina are tick-transmitted parasites causing bovine babesiosis, characterized by significant morbidity and mortality leading to economic losses to the livestock industry in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Animals that recover from acute infection remain carriers with low parasitemia acting as a source of transmission, and often escape detection. An improved diagnosis of a B. bovis and/or B. bigemina infection of carrier animals is enabled by the availability of detection methods with high sensitivity. To this end, two nested PCR assays targeting the cytochrome b (cytb) genes of B. bovis and B. bigemina (cytb-nPCR), have been recently developed and an increased sensitivity with respect to reference protocols has been shown (Romero-Salas et al., 2016). In this study, the specificity against a panel of hemoparasites that potentially co-occur with B. bovis and B. bigemina was demonstrated to ensure applicability of the cytb-nPCR assays in a wide range of regions where bovine babesiosis is endemic. Furthermore, we compared both reported cytb-nPCR assays with reference nPCR and qPCR protocols for (i) their capability to detect carrier animals in the field, and (ii) their reproducibility when performed in different laboratories by independent operators. We show that, in a panel of bovine field samples (n = 100), the cytb-nPCR assays detected a considerably higher number of 25% B. bovis and 61% B. bigemina-positive animals compared to 7% and 20% B. bovis and 55% and 49% B. bigemina-positive animals when tested by reference nPCR and qPCR protocols, respectively. Cytb-nPCRs were also found superior in the detection of carrier animals when field samples from Africa were analyzed. In addition, both the B. bovis and B. bigemina cytb-nPCR assays were independently validated in a single blinded study in three laboratories. Importantly, no significant differences in the number/percentage of infected animals was observed using cytb-nPCR assays. In summary, the cytb-nPCR assays detected a considerably higher number of chronically infected B. bovis and B. bigemina carrier animals compared to reference nPCR and qPCR protocols, when applied in different epidemiological field situations. Furthermore, a high reproducibility between laboratories could be demonstrated.Instituto de PatobiologíaFil: Ganzinelli Sabrina Belen. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Ganzinelli Sabrina Belen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Byaruhanga, Charles. University of Pretoria. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases. Vectors and Vector-borne Diseases Research Programme; SudáfricaFil: Primo, María Evangelina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea; ArgentinaFil: Primo, María Evangelina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Lukanji, Zinathi. University of Pretoria. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases. Vectors and Vector-borne Diseases Research Programme; SudáfricaFil: Sibeko, Kgomotso. University of Pretoria. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases. Vectors and Vector-borne Diseases Research Programme; SudáfricaFil: Matjila, Tshepo. University of Pretoria. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases. Vectors and Vector-borne Diseases Research Programme; SudáfricaFil: Neves, Luis. University of Pretoria. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases. Vectors and Vector-borne Diseases Research Programme; SudáfricaFil: Benitez, Daniel Francisco. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mercedes; ArgentinaFil: Enkhbaatar, Batmagnai. Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine. National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases; JapónFil: Enkhbaatar, Batmagnai. Mongolian University of Life Sciences. Institute of Veterinary Medicine. Laboratory of Molecular Genetics; MongoliaFil: Nugraha, Arifin Budiman. Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine. National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases; JapónFil: Nugraha, Arifin Budiman. IPB University. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health; IndonesiaFil: Igarashi, Ikuo. Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine. National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases; JapónFil: Florin-Christensen, Mónica. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Florin-Christensen, Mónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Schnittger, Leonhard. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Schnittger, Leonhard. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Colorectal cancer screening practices in Swiss primary care: Variation in care between physicians reporting for the Sentinella Network

Background: Only 45% of patients visiting their primary care physicians (PCP) in Switzerland are up‐to‐date with CRC screening. Many patients are never offered the choice of screening and having PCPs discuss screening could increase screening rates. Objective: Within a systematic data collection on CRC screening practices, we aimed to determine the proportion of 50‐75‐year old patients eligible for screening, who had a discussion on screening, who chose to be screened, which method they chose and how many refused. We further aimed at describing variation in care between PCPs

Maternal and perinatal outcomes following pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants infection among unvaccinated pregnant women in France and Switzerland: a prospective cohort study using the COVI-PREG registry.

BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 positive pregnant women are at higher risk of adverse outcomes, but little evidence is available on how variants impact that risk. We aim to evaluate maternal and perinatal outcomes among unvaccinated pregnant women that tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, stratified by pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron periods. METHODS This prospective study enrolled women from March 2020 to September 2022. Exposure to the different SARS-CoV-2 variants was defined by their periods of predominance. The primary outcome was severe maternal adverse outcome defined as either intensive care unit admission, acute respiratory distress syndrome, advanced oxygen supplementation, or maternal death. The secondary outcomes were preterm birth and other perinatal outcomes. FINDINGS Overall, 1402, 262, and 391 SARS-CoV-2 positive pregnant women were enrolled during the pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron periods respectively. Severe maternal adverse outcome was reported in 3.4% (n = 947/1402; 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) 2.5-4.5), 6.5% (n = 7/262; 95%CI 3.8-10.2), and 1.0% (n = 4/391; 95%CI 0.3-2.6) of women during the pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron periods. The risk of severe maternal adverse outcome was higher during the Delta vs pre-Delta period (adjusted risk ratio (aRR) = 1.8; 95%CI 1.1-3.2) and lower during the Omicron vs pre-Delta period (aRR = 0.3; 95%CI, 0.1-0.8). The risks of hospitalization for COVID-19 were 12.6% (n = 176/1402; 95%CI 10.9-14.4), 17.2% (n = 45/262; 95%CI 12.8-22.3), and 12.5% (n = 49/391; 95%CI 9.4-16.2), during the pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron period, respectively. Pregnancy complications occurred after SARS-CoV-2 exposure in 30.0% (n = 363/1212; 95%CI 27.4-32.6), 35.2% (n = 83/236; 95%CI 29.1-41.6), and 30.3% (n = 105/347; 95%CI 25.5-35.4) of patients during the pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron periods, respectively. Stillbirths were reported in 0.5% (n = 6/1159; 95%CI 0.2-1.1), 2.8% (n = 6/210; 95%CI 1.0-6.0), and 0.9% (n = 2/213; 95%CI 0.1-3.4) or patients during the pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron periods respectively. INTERPRETATION The Delta period was associated with a higher risk of severe maternal adverse outcome and the Omicron period with a lower risk of severe adverse outcome compared to pre-Delta era. The reported risk of hospitalization was high during the Omicron period and should not be trivialized. FUNDING Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, Fondation CHUV

The NASA Airborne Tropical TRopopause EXperiment (ATTREX): High-Altitude Aircraft Measurements in the Tropical Western Pacific

The February through March 2014 deployment of the NASA Airborne Tropical TRopopause EXperiment (ATTREX) provided unique in situ measurements in the western Pacific Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL). Six flights were conducted from Guam with the long-range, high-altitude, unmanned Global Hawk aircraft. The ATTREX Global Hawk payload provided measurements of water vapor, meteorological conditions, cloud properties, tracer and chemical radical concentrations, and radiative fluxes. The campaign was partially coincident with the CONTRAST and CAST airborne campaigns based in Guam using lower-altitude aircraft (see companion articles in this issue). The ATTREX dataset is being used for investigations of TTL cloud, transport, dynamical, and chemical processes as well as for evaluation and improvement of global-model representations of TTL processes. The ATTREX data is openly available at https:espoarchive.nasa.gov

[Comment] Redefine statistical significance

The lack of reproducibility of scientific studies has caused growing concern over the credibility of claims of new discoveries based on “statistically significant” findings. There has been much progress toward documenting and addressing several causes of this lack of reproducibility (e.g., multiple testing, P-hacking, publication bias, and under-powered studies). However, we believe that a leading cause of non-reproducibility has not yet been adequately addressed: Statistical standards of evidence for claiming discoveries in many fields of science are simply too low. Associating “statistically significant” findings with P < 0.05 results in a high rate of false positives even in the absence of other experimental, procedural and reporting problems. For fields where the threshold for defining statistical significance is P<0.05, we propose a change to P<0.005. This simple step would immediately improve the reproducibility of scientific research in many fields. Results that would currently be called “significant” but do not meet the new threshold should instead be called “suggestive.” While statisticians have known the relative weakness of using P≈0.05 as a threshold for discovery and the proposal to lower it to 0.005 is not new (1, 2), a critical mass of researchers now endorse this change. We restrict our recommendation to claims of discovery of new effects. We do not address the appropriate threshold for confirmatory or contradictory replications of existing claims. We also do not advocate changes to discovery thresholds in fields that have already adopted more stringent standards (e.g., genomics and high-energy physics research; see Potential Objections below). We also restrict our recommendation to studies that conduct null hypothesis significance tests. We have diverse views about how best to improve reproducibility, and many of us believe that other ways of summarizing the data, such as Bayes factors or other posterior summaries based on clearly articulated model assumptions, are preferable to P-values. However, changing the P-value threshold is simple and might quickly achieve broad acceptance

The Early Royal Society and Visual Culture

Recent studies have fruitfully examined the intersection between early modern science and visual culture by elucidating the functions of images in shaping and disseminating scientific knowledge. Given its rich archival sources, it is possible to extend this line of research in the case of the Royal Society to an examination of attitudes towards images as artefacts –manufactured objects worth commissioning, collecting and studying. Drawing on existing scholarship and material from the Royal Society Archives, I discuss Fellows’ interests in prints, drawings, varnishes, colorants, images made out of unusual materials, and methods of identifying the painter from a painting. Knowledge of production processes of images was important to members of the Royal Society, not only as connoisseurs and collectors, but also as those interested in a Baconian mastery of material processes, including a “history of trades”. Their antiquarian interests led to discussion of painters’ styles, and they gradually developed a visual memorial to an institution through portraits and other visual records.AH/M001938/1 (AHRC

Maternal outcomes and risk factors for COVID-19 severity among pregnant women.

Pregnant women may be at higher risk of severe complications associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which may lead to obstetrical complications. We performed a case control study comparing pregnant women with severe coronavirus disease 19 (cases) to pregnant women with a milder form (controls) enrolled in the COVI-Preg international registry cohort between March 24 and July 26, 2020. Risk factors for severity, obstetrical and immediate neonatal outcomes were assessed. A total of 926 pregnant women with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 were included, among which 92 (9.9%) presented with severe COVID-19 disease. Risk factors for severe maternal outcomes were pulmonary comorbidities [aOR 4.3, 95% CI 1.9-9.5], hypertensive disorders [aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.0-7.0] and diabetes [aOR2.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.5]. Pregnant women with severe maternal outcomes were at higher risk of caesarean section [70.7% (n = 53/75)], preterm delivery [62.7% (n = 32/51)] and newborns requiring admission to the neonatal intensive care unit [41.3% (n = 31/75)]. In this study, several risk factors for developing severe complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection among pregnant women were identified including pulmonary comorbidities, hypertensive disorders and diabetes. Obstetrical and neonatal outcomes appear to be influenced by the severity of maternal disease