Recovery capacity of African star grass after application of glyphosate in pre-sowing of corn

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade de restabelecimento de pastagem de grama‑estrela‑africana (Cynodon nlemfuensis) após aplicação do herbicida glifosato, na pré-semeadura da cultura do milho. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: doses do equivalente ácido (e.a.) do herbicida glifosato (0, 720, 1.440, 2.160, 2.880 e 3.600 g ha-1) e a testemunha capinada. A grama‑estrela‑africana é tolerante às doses normalmente recomendadas do herbicida (720 a 1.080 g ha-1 de e.a). Doses de glifosato de 1.232 a 1.439 g ha-1 de e.a. suprimem a grama‑estrela‑africana, evitam sua competição com a cultura do milho, e permitem a recuperação da pastagem após a colheita do milho.The objective of this work was to evaluate the recovery capacity of African star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis) after glyphosate application in pre‑sowing of corn. A randomized block design was used, with four replicates. The treatments were doses of acid equivalent (a.e.) of the herbicide glyphosate (0, 720, 1,440, 2,160, 2,880, and 3,600 g ha-1) and a hoed control. African star grass is tolerant to the usually recommended doses of the herbicide (720 to 1,080 g ha-1 a.e.). Doses of glyphosate, ranging from 1,232 to 1,439 g ha-1 a.e. suppress the grass, avoid its competition with corn, and allow the recovery of the pasture after the corn harvest

Preemergence herbicides on weed control in elephant grass pasture

ABSTRACT Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) is an important forage crop that has been proposed as a potential feedstock for bioenergy production. However, weed interference is a major factor limiting elephant grass production. Field experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015 to evaluate preemergence herbicides for selective weed control in an elephant grass pasture. Herbicide treatments included atrazine + S-metolachlor, atrazine + simazine, ametryn, ethoxysulfuron, S-metolachlor, diuron + hexazinone, sulfentrazone, imazethapyr, and atrazine at label use rates. Weedy and weed-free treatments were included. Atrazine + S-metolachlor, atrazine + simazine, ametryn, ethoxysulfuron, S-metolachlor, sulfentrazone, and atrazine did not cause phytotoxicity on elephantgrass 35 days after treatment (DAT). However, diuron + hexazinone and imazethapyr were the most phytotoxic on elephantgrass, resulting in 81 and 70% phytotoxicity in 2014, and 7 and 6% phytotoxicity in 2015 respectively 35 DAT. All treatments provided effective weed control (>81%) with the exception of ethoxysulfuron (0 and 11% in 2014 and 2015, respectively), and atrazine (59% in 2014). These results show that atrazine + S-metolachlor, atrazine + simazine, ametryn, ethoxysulfuron, S-metolachlor, sulfentrazone, and atrazine were selectives when applied in preemergence in elephant grass pasture

PRUNING HEIGHT IN Eucalyptus CLONES ESTABLISHED IN AN AGROSILVOPASTORAL SYSTEM

The aim of the current study is to evaluate the effect of pruning intensity on the diameter and height of three eucalyptus clones established in an agrosilvopastoral system. The study followed a completely randomized block design in a split-plot arrangement, with repeated measures in time. Plots were represented by three eucalyptus clones (VE01, VE07 and VE06) and sub-plots were represented by three pruning heights (0%, 25% and 50% of total tree height), and the repeated measures were months. Trees were pruned at 18 and 24 months after planting, by keeping the same proportion of pruning Heights. Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and total Tree Height (Ht) were measured every six months since the first pruning; periodic increase in both variables was calculated. Clone VE01 recorded DBH and Ht values lower than the ones recorded for VE07 and VE06. Pruning treatments did not show significant effects on tree growth.Altura de desrama em clones de eucalipto estabelecidos em um sistema agrossilvipastoril  O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da intensidade de desrama no crescimento em diâmetro e altura total de três clones de eucalipto estabelecidos em um sistema agrossilvipastoril. Foi utilizado delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com três repetições, sendo a parcela representada por três clones de eucalipto (VE01, VE07 e VE06) e a sub-parcela por três alturas de desrama (0%, 25% e 50% da altura total da árvore). Foram aplicadas duas desramas sequenciais, aos 18 e 24 meses, mantendo-se as proporções de altura. Foram medidos o diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) e altura total das árvores (Ht) a cada seis meses após a primeira desrama e calculados os incrementos periódicos para ambas as variáveis. O fator clone afetou as variáveis estudadas, com diferenças significativas entre o clone VE01 e os clones VE07 e VE06, sendo o primeiro o que apresentou os menores valores para ambas as variáveis. A altura de desrama não apresentou efeito significativo no crescimento das árvores dos três clones, de forma que se deve indicar a desrama de 50% da altura das árvores em duas intervenções sequenciais. Palavras-chave: tratos silviculturais; agrossilvicultura; diâmetro a altura do peito; altura total.   ABSTRACT: The aim of the current study is to evaluate the effect of pruning intensity on the diameter and height of three Eucalyptus clones established in an agrosilvopastoral system. The study followed a completely randomized block design in a split-plot arrangement, with repeated measures in time. Plots were represented by three Eucalyptus clones (VE01, VE07 and VE06) and sub-plots were represented by three pruning heights (0%, 25% and 50% of total tree height), and the repeated measures were months. Trees were pruned at 18 and 24 months after planting, by keeping the same proportion of pruning Heights. Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and total Tree Height (Ht) were measured every six months since the first pruning; periodic increase in both variables was calculated. Clone VE01 recorded DBH and Ht values lower than the ones recorded for VE07 and VE06. Pruning treatments did not show significant effects on tree growth. Keywords: silviculture; agroforestry; diameter at breast height; total tree height

Elephant grass response to amino-acid synthesis inhibitor herbicides

Abstract Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) fodder productivity and quality are directly affected by weed interference. The difficulty in controlling weed species is one of the major limitations to the production and use of elephant grass as a forage crop in dairy farming and biomass for energy production. In this study, field experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015 at two locations in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, to evaluate the tolerance of elephant grass pasture to acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicides. The experimental pastures were treated at 1× and 2× the normal field-use rates (g ai ha -1 ) with metsulfuron-methyl (7.8 and 15.6), chlorimuron-ethyl (15 and 30), halosulfuron (112.5 and 225), ethoxysulfuron (150 and 300), and nicosulfuron (60 and 120). A nontreated control was also included. The results showed that metsulfuron-methyl, chlorimuron-ethyl, halosulfuron, and ethoxysulfuron caused mild injury symptoms on elephant grass plants, but did not reduce forage biomass production. Nicosulfuron caused considerable percentage injury to the plants, which varied from 53% to 73% and from 65% to 83% for the lower and higher rates, respectively. Elephant grass was tolerant of metsulfuron-methyl, chlorimuron-ethyl, halosulfuron, and ethoxysulfuron. Therefore, these herbicides could potentially control weeds in elephant grass fields

Capacidade de restabelecimento da grama-estrela-africana após aplicação de glifosato em pré-semeadura de milho

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade de restabelecimento de pastagem de grama-estrela-africana (Cynodon nlemfuensis) após aplicação do herbicida glifosato, na pré-semeadura da cultura do milho. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: doses do equivalente ácido (e.a.) do herbicida glifosato (0, 720, 1.440, 2.160, 2.880 e 3.600 g ha-1) e a testemunha capinada. A grama-estrela-africana é tolerante às doses normalmente recomendadas do herbicida (720 a 1.080 g ha-1 de e.a). Doses de glifosato de 1.232 a 1.439 g ha-1 de e.a. suprimem a grama-estrela-africana, evitam sua competição com a cultura do milho, e permitem a recuperação da pastagem após a colheita do milho

ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS: a data set of bird morphological traits from the Atlantic forests of South America

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ