Experimental evaluation into novel, low cost, modular PEMFC stack

Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)The Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), despite being regarded as an ideal replacement to the internal combustion engine, is still not an economically attractive pri-mover due to a number of key challenges that have yet to be fully resolved; some of which include degradation to cell components resulting in inadequate lifetimes, specialised and costly manufacturing processes and poor gravimetric/volumetric energy densities. This paper presents a novel stack concept which removes the conventional bi polar plate (BPP), a component that is responsible for up to 80% of total stack weight and 90+% of stack volume in some designs. The removal of said component not only improves the volumetric and gravimetric energy density of the PEMFC stack but drastically reduces the cost of the stack by removing all costly manufacturing processes associated with PEMFC component machining while the functionality of the traditional BPP is still retained by the unique stack design. The stack architecture is first presented and then the characterisation of the PEMFC is shown over a wide range of operating scenarios. The experimental studies suggest that the performance of the new design is comparable to that of traditional stacks but at significantly less cost price.Final Published versio

Flow Diagram of Patient Selection.

<p>Flow Diagram of Patient Selection.</p

A Representative Image of a Subject with Emphysema (A), a Subject with Bronchiolits (B), and a Subject with both Emphysema and Bronchiolitis (C).

<p>A) A transverse axial image of a 48 year old HIV-infected male, displaying changes of severe emphysema as manifested by large bullae, as well as paraseptal and centrilobular regions of low attenuation. B) An axial image reconstructed with a small field of view in a 42 year old HIV-infected female, demonstrating changes of moderate respiratory bronchiolitis with multiple centrilobular nodules scattered throughout both lungs. C) A transverse axial image of a 44 year old HIV-infected male shows changes of both moderate emphysema and bronchiolitis.</p

Risk Predictors for Bronchiolitis or Emphysema Detected on CT Scans.

<p>Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; ROC, receiver operating characteristics; WBC, white blood cell;</p><p>*adjusted for all the variables listed in this table in a multivariate logistic regression model (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109027#s2" target="_blank">Methods</a> for detail).</p>†<p>Incremental ROC represents area under the curve obtained by adding the previous row variable to the current row variable in a multivariate logistic regression model (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109027#s2" target="_blank">Methods</a> for detail). For example, model 2 incremental ROC and p values are obtained by comparing a logic regression model that contains WBC and current smoker variables to that which contains only current smoker variable (i.e. model 1).</p>‡<p>p value is obtained by comparing the incremental ROC value of the current row to the previous row ROC value.</p><p>Risk Predictors for Bronchiolitis or Emphysema Detected on CT Scans.</p

Clinical Characteristics of the 1,446 Consecutive Subjects With HIV Infection According to COPD Changes on CT Scans.

<p>Dichotomous data are presented as number of individuals (% column totals) and continuous variables are presented as mean±SD.</p><p>*p<.05 vs no lung disease, following Bonferroni correction.</p>‡<p>p<.05 vs bronchiolitis, following Bonferroni correction.</p>†<p>p<.05 vs emphysema, following Bonferroni correction.</p>††<p>2 or more hours of physical activity per week.</p><p>Abbreviations: cigs, cigarettes; CRP, C-reactive protein; HIV, human immune deficiency; NNRTI, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NRTI, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; PJP, pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia; PI, protease inhibitors; TB, tuberculosis.</p><p>Clinical Characteristics of the 1,446 Consecutive Subjects With HIV Infection According to COPD Changes on CT Scans.</p

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Dose-response to inhaled glycopyrrolate delivered with a novel Co-Suspension™ Delivery Technology metered dose inhaler (MDI) in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD

Adjusted change from baseline in FEV1 over time on Day 14 (mITT population). Figure S2. LSM difference in FEV1 AUC0–12 on Day 14, vs placebo MDI (mITT population). (DOCX 437 kb

Pulmonary Function Test Results Of 364 HIV Infected Subjects Stratified According To CT Based Emphysema Severity.

<p>Dichotomous data are presented as number of individuals (% column totals) and continuous variables are presented as mean±SD for normally distributed variables.</p><p>*p<.05 vs no lung disease, following Bonferroni correction.</p>‡<p>p<.05 vs bronchiolitis, following Bonferroni correction.</p><p>Abbreviations: FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity, TLC, total lung capacity; RV, residual volume; D_LCO, diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide or transfer factor; D_LCO/VA, D_LCO corrected for alveolar volume or transfer coefficient.</p><p>Pulmonary Function Test Results Of 364 HIV Infected Subjects Stratified According To CT Based Emphysema Severity.</p

Clinical Risk Factors and Health Outcomes for Bronchiolitis.

<p>Dichotomous data are presented as number of individuals (% column totals) and continuous variables are presented as mean±SD for normally distributed variables or median (interquartile range) for non-normally distributed variables.</p><p><b>*</b>2 or more hours of physical activity per week.</p><p>Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; D_LCO, diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide or transfer factor; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity; HIV, human immune deficiency; PJP, pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia.</p><p>Clinical Risk Factors and Health Outcomes for Bronchiolitis.</p

The Synergistic Interaction of Emphysema with Bronchiolitis Scores on The Risk of Reduced Regular Physical Activity.

<p>The Synergistic Interaction of Emphysema with Bronchiolitis Scores on The Risk of Reduced Regular Physical Activity.</p

Clinical Risk Factors and Health Outcomes for Emphysema.

<p>Dichotomous data are presented as number of individuals (% column totals) and continuous variables are presented as mean±SD.</p><p><b>*</b>2 or more hours of physical activity per week.</p><p>Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; D_LCO, diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide or transfer factor; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity; HIV, human immune deficiency; PJP, pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia.</p><p>Clinical Risk Factors and Health Outcomes for Emphysema.</p