CONVERSION to ORGANIC FARMING in MAINLAND PORTUGAL

The objectives of the research were: i) to assess the in-conversion period as a barrier impeding farms conversion to organic; ii) to assess the potential of conversion-grade markets in removing this barrier; iii) to identify other barriers (drives) along the food chain impeding (easing) farms conversion in mainland Portugal. Results show that the in-conversion period is not the major barrier to conversion nor is a good idea the set-up of conversion grade markets to help Portuguese farms’ conversion. Conversion feasibility depends of the organic market premium prices, in intensive farms, and of the CAP organic agri-environmental area payments, in extensive farms.organic farming, conversion, conversion grade markets, market premium prices, CAP payments.

Conversion to organic farming in mainland Portugal

Paper prepared for presentation at the 11th Congress of the EAAE: Conversion to Organic Farming in Mainland Portugal, Copenhagen, Denmark, 24-27 August, 2005The objectives of the research were: i) to assess the in-conversion period as a barrier impeding farms conversion to organic; ii) to assess the potential of conversion-grade markets in removing this barrier; iii) to identify other barriers (drives) along the food chain impeding (easing) farms conversion in mainland Portugal. Results show that the in-conversion period is not the major barrier to conversion nor is a good idea the set-up of conversion grade markets to help Portuguese farms' conversion. Conversion feasibility depends of the organic market premium prices, in intensive farms, and of the CAP organic agri-environmental area payments, in extensive farms

The curse of technological race: the red queen effect

Economic prosperity is tied to scientific development, i.e., there is a strong correlation between science, technology and the wealth of nations. We collected data from scientific and technological production of 183 countries of the last thirty years (1974 to 2003) and applied a super-paramagnetic clustering technique on them, finding nations divided in three regimes, distinguished by the interactions between the agents of their National Systems of Innovation (NSI). The identification of these groups allows us to define the dynamical behavior of the thresholds, that grow exponentially and whose growth rate we have calculated. We show that for the period 1974-2003 the threshold between the immature and the developed NSIs increases by an annual rate of 6.6% (per capita). We identify clearly a "Red Queen Effect". Finally we show that the transitions between the regimes are discontinuous, represented by a structural breakthrough. Therefore, the prerequisite to move from regime I to regime II, and then to regime III are structural changes within NSIs.national systems of innovation; super-paramagnetic clustering technique; moving thresholds

Matrices of science and technology interactions: implications for development

Scientific and other non-patent references (NPRs) in patents are important tools to analyze interactions between science and technology. This paper organizes a database with 514,894 USPTO patents granted globally in 1974, 1982, 1990, 1998 and 2006. There are 165,762 patents with at least one reference to science and engineering (S&E) literature, and there are 1,375,503 references. In 2006 there are 83 countries with USPTO patent citing S&E literature. Through a lexical analysis 71.1% of this S&E literature is classified by S&E fields. These data underscore the elaboration of global and national tri-dimensional matrices (by OST technological domains, ISI science and engineering fields and number of references). Descriptive statistics investigate how science and technology linkages differ over time across countries and across levels of development. This paper highlights how the existence (or not) of a pattern of structured growth differentiates mature and immature systems of innovation.science and technology linkages, stages of economic development, systems of innovation

Modeling economic growth fuelled by science and technology

This paper suggests a simulation model to investigate how science and technology fuel economic growth. This model is built upon a synthesis of technological capabilities represented by national innovation systems. This paper gathers data of papers and patents for 183 countries between 1999 and 2003, GDP and population for 2003. These data show a strong correlation between science, technology and income. Three simulation exercises are performed. Feeding our algorithm with data for population, patents and scientific papers, we obtain the world income distribution (R=0.99). These results support our conjecture on the role of science and technology as a source of the wealth of nations.simulation models; systems of innovation; economic growth

Efeitos recíprocos entre finanças e inovação

The relationship between finance and innovation is key for economic development. Both classical economists and economic historians highlight the importance of these connections for successful capitalist economies. This paper investigates the relationship between finance and innovation in a cross-country comparison. This comparison uses three sets of data for 187 countries (science and technology, banks and credit and GDP per capita). For 86 countries that produce patents and papers and have banks and stock-exchanges, these data show a strong correlation among these three dimensions. Clustering techniques divide these 86 countries in three subsets, suggesting reciprocal effects between finance and innovation.finance, inovation, co-evolution, clustering techniques

LGPD NAS MICROEMPRESAS: IMPACTOS EM DECORRÊNCIA DA NOVA LEI

This work aimed to present the impacts of the General Data Protection Law (LGPD) on the structure of micro-enterprises. The implementation of the LGPD was crucial to ensure the privacy and protection of personal data of customers and employees, as well as to avoid possible sanctions and fines. Throughout the work, topics such as the importance of implementing the law, the costs arising from the adaptation process, and the reasons for not complying with the regulations were addressed. In addition, the importance of information security in micro-enterprises was presented, highlighting the need to protect personal data and prevent leakage or loss of sensitive information. The concept of the LGPD and the difficulties that micro-enterprises faced in adapting to this new legislation were also addressed. The main risks of non-compliance with the LGPD, such as financial and reputational damages, and possible legal consequences were raised. Finally, compliance was defined and how it is directly linked to the LGPD. Compliance with the LGPD required the adoption of adherence measures, which ensure compliance with personal data protection rules. Thus, this work aimed to contribute to a better understanding of the challenges faced by micro-enterprises in adhering to the LGPD and how the implementation of the law may have impacted the structure and functioning of the business.Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo presentar los impactos de la Ley General de Protección de Datos (LGPD) en la estructura de las microempresas. La implementación de la LGPD fue fundamental para garantizar la privacidad y protección de los datos personales de clientes y empleados, así como para evitar posibles sanciones y multas. A lo largo del trabajo se abordaron temas como la importancia de implementar la ley, los costos derivados del proceso de adaptación y las causas de no haber cumplido con los estándares. Además, se presentó la importancia de la seguridad de la información en las microempresas, destacando la necesidad de proteger los datos personales y evitar la fuga o pérdida de información sensible. También se abordó el concepto de la LGPD y las dificultades a las que se enfrentaban las microempresas para adaptarse a esta nueva legislación. Se plantearon los principales riesgos de incumplimiento de la LGPD, como los daños financieros y de imagen, y las posibles consecuencias legales. Finalmente, se definió qué es el cumplimiento y cómo está directamente vinculado a la LGPD. El cumplimiento de la LGPD requirió la adopción de medidas de adhesión, que garanticen el cumplimiento de las normas de protección de datos personales. Por lo tanto, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo contribuir a una mejor comprensión de los desafíos que enfrentan las microempresas para adherirse a la LGPD y cómo la implementación de la ley puede haber impactado en la estructura y el funcionamiento del negocio.Este trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar os impactos da Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados (LGPD) na estrutura de microempresas. A implementação da LGPD foi fundamental para garantir a privacidade e proteção dos dados pessoais de clientes e colaboradores, além de evitar possíveis sanções e multas. Ao longo do trabalho, foram abordados temas como a importância da implementação da lei, os custos oriundos do processo de adequação e as causas de não ter estado em conformidade com as normas. Além disso, foi apresentada a importância da segurança da informação nas microempresas, destacando a necessidade de proteger os dados pessoais e evitar o vazamento ou perda de informações sensíveis. Foi abordado também o conceito da LGPD e as dificuldades que as microempresas enfrentaram para se adequarem a essa nova legislação. Foram levantados os principais riscos de não adesão à LGPD, tais como danos financeiros e de imagem, e as possíveis consequências legais. Por fim, foi definido o que é compliance e como ele está diretamente ligado à LGPD. A adequação à LGPD exigiu a adoção de medidas de aderência, que garantem a conformidade com as normas de proteção de dados pessoais. Assim, este trabalho teve como propósito contribuir para uma melhor compreensão dos desafios enfrentados pelas microempresas na adesão à LGPD e como a implementação da lei pode ter impactado na estrutura e funcionamento do negócio.Este trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar os impactos da Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados (LGPD) na estrutura de microempresas. A implementação da LGPD foi fundamental para garantir a privacidade e proteção dos dados pessoais de clientes e colaboradores, além de evitar possíveis sanções e multas. Ao longo do trabalho, foram abordados temas como a importância da implementação da lei, os custos oriundos do processo de adequação e as causas de não ter estado em conformidade com as normas. Além disso, foi apresentada a importância da segurança da informação nas microempresas, destacando a necessidade de proteger os dados pessoais e evitar o vazamento ou perda de informações sensíveis. Foi abordado também o conceito da LGPD e as dificuldades que as microempresas enfrentaram para se adequarem a essa nova legislação. Foram levantados os principais riscos de não adesão à LGPD, tais como danos financeiros e de imagem, e as possíveis consequências legais. Por fim, foi definido o que é compliance e como ele está diretamente ligado à LGPD. A adequação à LGPD exigiu a adoção de medidas de aderência, que garantem a conformidade com as normas de proteção de dados pessoais. Assim, este trabalho teve como propósito contribuir para uma melhor compreensão dos desafios enfrentados pelas microempresas na adesão à LGPD e como a implementação da lei pode ter impactado na estrutura e funcionamento do negócio

The scientific and technological trajectories of four Latin American countries: Mexico, Costa Rica, Argentina, and Brazil

This paper introduces the differences and similarities of interactions between science and technology (S&T) among four Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica and Mexico. Through the analysis of articles and patents data as well as the elaboration of global matrices and national three-dimensional matrices, it was possible to observe the recent trajectory of the scientific and technological production of countries. The results indicate that the Latin American countries have a similar pattern regarding their scientific and technological structure and they are part of a regime characterized by immature National Systems of Innovation (NSI).Latin American countries, science and technology interaction, national systems of innovation

Tributação e sustentabilidade ambiental

- Divulgação dos SUMÁRIOS das obras recentemente incorporadas ao acervo da Biblioteca Ministro Oscar Saraiva do STJ. Em respeito à lei de Direitos Autorais, não disponibilizamos a obra na íntegra.- Localização na estante: 34:504 T822