167 research outputs found
Gravitational Waves in a Shallow Compressible Liquid
This paper develops the theory of the propagation of waves through a horizontally stratified compressible liquid under the influence of gravity, with two simplifying
assumptions: (1) The wave amplitudes are small, so that a linear or first-order theory suffices; (2) the liquid is assumed to be shallow so that the lengths of all waves are
large in comparison with the liquid depth
Air Bubble Breakwater
This paper considers one aspect of the effectiveness of a single or repeated air bubble screen as a breakwater for gravitational waves in shallow water. The aspect
considered arises from the change in density and compressibility of the bubbly water as compared with normal water outside the screen. The effects of currents produced by the mass of rising bubbles will be discussed elsewhere. use is made here of the notation and some results from another paper entitled 'Gravitational Waves in a Shallow
Compressible Liquid;' equations from that paper are denoted by primes. The properties of bubbly water are considered first, then the transmission of waves through a single
bubble screen, and finally the transmission through a series of equally spaced screens
The dynamical hole in ultrafast photoassociation: analysis of the compression effect
Photoassociation of a pair of cooled atoms by excitation with a short chirped
laser pulse creates a dynamical hole in the initial continuum wavefunction.
This hole is manifested by a void in the pair wavefunction and a momentum kick.
Photoassociation into loosely bound levels of the external well in Cs_2
0(6S + 6P is considered as a case study. After the pulse, the
free evolution of the ground triplet state wavepacket is analyzed. Due to a
negative momentum kick, motion to small distances is manifested and a
compression effect is pointed out, markedly increasing the density of atom
pairs at short distance. A consequence of the hole is the redistribution of the
vibrational population in the ground triplet state, with population of the last
bound level and creation of pairs of hot atoms. The physical interpretation
makes use of the time dependence of the probability current and population on
each channel to understand the role of the parameters of the photoassociation
pulse. By varying such parameters, optimization of the compression effect in
the ground state wavepacket is demonstrated. Due to an increase of the short
range density probability by more than two orders of magnitude, we predict
important photoassociation rates into deeply bound levels of the excited state
by a second pulse, red-detuned relative to the first one and conveniently
delayed.Comment: 31 pages, 11 figure
Intrinsic and Rashba Spin-orbit Interactions in Graphene Sheets
Starting from a microscopic tight-binding model and using second order
perturbation theory, we derive explicit expressions for the intrinsic and
Rashba spin-orbit interaction induced gaps in the Dirac-like low-energy band
structure of an isolated graphene sheet. The Rashba interaction parameter is
first order in the atomic carbon spin-orbit coupling strength and first
order in the external electric field perpendicular to the graphene plane,
whereas the intrinsic spin-orbit interaction which survives at E=0 is second
order in . The spin-orbit terms in the low-energy effective Hamiltonian
have the form proposed recently by Kane and Mele. \textit{Ab initio} electronic
structure calculations were performed as a partial check on the validity of the
tight-binding model.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures; typos corrected, references update
Curvature-induced spin-orbit coupling and spin relaxation in a chemically clean single-layer graphene
The study of spin-related phenomena in materials requires knowledge on the
precise form of effective spin-orbit coupling of conducting carriers in the
solid-states systems. We demonstrate theoretically that curvature induced by
corrugations or periodic ripples in single-layer graphenes generates two types
of effective spin-orbit coupling. In addition to the spin-orbit coupling
reported previously that couples with sublattice pseudospin and corresponds to
the Rashba-type spin-orbit coupling in a corrugated single-layer graphene,
there is an additional spin-orbit coupling that does not couple with the
pseudospin, which can not be obtained from the extension of the
curvature-induced spin-orbit coupling of carbon nanotubes. Via numerical
calculation we show that both types of the curvature-induced spin-orbit
coupling make the same order of contribution to spin relaxation in chemically
clean single-layer graphene with nanoscale corrugation. The spin relaxation
dependence on the corrugation roughness is also studied.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure
Purification and properties of adenylyl sulphate:ammonia adenylyltransferase from Chlorella catalysing the formation of adenosine 5′-phosphoramidate from adenosine 5′-phosphosulphate and ammonia
Formation of antihydrogen in antiproton - positron collision
A quantum mechanical approach is proposed for the formation of antihydrogen
in the ground and excited states (2s, 2p) via the mechanism of three body
recombination (TBR) inside a trapped plasma of anti proton and positron or in
the collision between the two beams of them. Variations of the differential
(DCS) as well as the total (TCS) formation cross sections are studied as a
function of the incident energies of both the active and the spectator
positrons. Significantly large cross sections are found at very low incident
energies in the TBR process as compared to other processes leading to
antihydrogen. The present formation cross section decreases with increasing
positron energy (temperature) but no simple power law could be predicted for it
covering the entire energy range, corroborating the experimental findings
qualitatively. The formation cross sections are found to be much higher for
unequal energies of the two positrons than for equal energies, as expected
physically.Comment: 14 pages, 13 figure
Exchange Symmetry and Multipartite Entanglement
Entanglement of multipartite systems is studied based on exchange symmetry
under the permutation group S_N. With the observation that symmetric property
under the exchange of two constituent states and their separability are
intimately linked, we show that anti-symmetric (fermionic) states are
necessarily globally entangled, while symmetric (bosonic) states are either
globally entangled or fully separable and possess essentially identical states
in all the constituent systems. It is also shown that there cannot exist a
fully separable state which is orthogonal to all symmetric states, and that
full separability of states does not survive under total symmetrization unless
the states are originally symmetric. Besides, anyonic states permitted under
the braid group B_N should also be globally entangled. Our results reveal that
exchange symmetry is actually sufficient for pure states to become globally
entangled or fully separable.Comment: 12 pages, appendix adde
DHODH modulates transcriptional elongation in the neural crest and melanoma
Melanoma is a tumour of transformed melanocytes, which are originally derived from the embryonic neural crest. It is unknown to what extent the programs that regulate neural crest development interact with mutations in the BRAF oncogene, which is the most commonly mutated gene in human melanoma1. We have used zebrafish embryos to identify the initiating transcriptional events that occur on activation of human BRAF(V600E) (which encodes an amino acid substitution mutant of BRAF) in the neural crest lineage. Zebrafish embryos that are transgenic for mitfa:BRAF(V600E) and lack p53 (also known as tp53) have a gene signature that is enriched for markers of multipotent neural crest cells, and neural crest progenitors from these embryos fail to terminally differentiate. To determine whether these early transcriptional events are important for melanoma pathogenesis, we performed a chemical genetic screen to identify small-molecule suppressors of the neural crest lineage, which were then tested for their effects on melanoma. One class of compound, inhibitors of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), for example leflunomide, led to an almost complete abrogation of neural crest development in zebrafish and to a reduction in the self-renewal of mammalian neural crest stem cells. Leflunomide exerts these effects by inhibiting the transcriptional elongation of genes that are required for neural crest development and melanoma growth. When used alone or in combination with a specific inhibitor of the BRAF(V600E) oncogene, DHODH inhibition led to a marked decrease in melanoma growth both in vitro and in mouse xenograft studies. Taken together, these studies highlight developmental pathways in neural crest cells that have a direct bearing on melanoma formation
Tense and plural formation in Welsh-English bilingual children with and without language impairment
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