[Review of] Michael Angelo. The Sikh Diaspora: Tradition and Change in an Immigrant Community

This is a peculiarly narrow book, although published as part of a series on Asian Americans entitled Reconceptualizing Culture, History, Politics. The title is misleading, at first referring to the Sikh diaspora, the settlement of India\u27s Punjabi Sikhs throughout the world, but then indicating an immigrant community which turns out to be in the U.S., the upstate New York region around the capital, Albany. Angelo wanted to study Sikhs, a highly visible religious Indian sub-group, to see the effect of interaction with American culture on traditional religious values and attitudes. He found 2,694 Asian Indians in the 1990 Albany district census of 777,584 people; only 90-100 of these were Sikhs, he discovered, and he was able to interview only 35 of these. In what sense these 35 interviewees constituted a community or are part of another community is not clear

Intermarriage and Ethnicity: Punjabi Mexican Americans, Mexican Japanese, and Filipino Americans

The problem is intermarriage, specifically intermarriages patterned by gender (all the men are from one ethnic background and almost all of the women from another) which produce significant biethnic communities. The author\u27s original research on Punjabi Mexican Americans, people whose fathers came from India\u27s Punjab province and whose mothers were of predominantly Mexican or Mexican American heritage, combined field work and interviews with California county records and local historical materials to show the flexibility of ethnic identity. She compares the Punjabi Mexican Americans to Filipino European Americans and Mexican japanese, using studies done by Barbara Posadas and Chizuko Watanabe. She finds that in all three cases members of the second biethnic generation evidence considerable flexibility with respect to their ethnic identity; they also insist upon cultural pluralism and claim the dominant national identity, particularly when confronted by new immigrants from the fathers\u27 countries

Enhancing Christian School Experiences for Pre-Service Teachers through Service-Learning Partnerships

The mission of the Teacher Licensure Program at Liberty University is to develop competent professionals with a Christian worldview for Christian, public, and private schools. To be consistent with the mission, classroom experience in both Christian and public schools should be required for each teacher candidate who successfully completes Liberty’s program. One of the challenges in the implementation of the mission has been an inadequate number of field experience placements available in Christian school settings

Montana\u27s Wrongful Discharge from Employment Act: The Views of the Montana Bar

Montana\u27s Wrongful Discharge from Employment Act: The views of the Montana ba

Effect of cortical-medullary gradient for ammonia on urinary excretion of ammonia

Effect of cortical-medullary gradient for ammonia on urinary excretion of ammonia. Previous studies suggested that a portion of ammonia secreted into the proximal tubule may diffuse directly from Henle's loop into the medullary collecting duct. Since water is absorbed along the course of the descending portion of the loop, it was proposed that the concentration of ammonia increased in loop fluid, and that rapid diffusibility of the free base would facilitate the delivery of ammonia into medullary interstitium where a high level could be maintained by the countercurrent exchange process. In this schema it was proposed that there was an ammonia concentration gradient between medullary structures and cortex, and recovery of ammonia by the medullary collecting duct due to the low pH in tubule fluid at that site. The present study was designed to evaluate this hypothesis by estimating ammonia concentrations in medullary and cortical tissue, and by correlating medullary levels with secretion rate into the inner medullary collecting duct. In control animals the concentration of total ammonia (NH4+ + NH3+) in inner medullary vasa recta was 9.2 ± 1.5 µmoles/ml, a level 100-fold higher than the cortical level of 0.10 ± 0.01. During acute acidosis the medullary level rose to 22.5 ± 2.7 µmoles/ml, but in acute acidosis during mannitol infusion the level fell to 8.0 ± 1.2. The rate of ammonia secretion into inner medullary collecting duct fluid correlated directly with medullary vasa recta ammonia concentration. These data provide evidence for a steep ammonia concentration gradient between the medulla and cortex, and suggest that the diffusion gradient across collecting duct epithelium governs the rate of the addition of ammonia to collecting duct fluid.Effet du gradient cortico-médulaire d'ammoniaque sur l'excrétion urinaire d'ammoniaque. Des études antérieures ont suggéré qu'une partie de l'ammoniaque sécrété dans le tubule proximal pourrait diffuser directement de l'anse de Henlé jusqu'au canal collecteur médullaire. Puisque de l'eau est réabsorbée le long de la partie descendante de l'anse, on a proposé que la concentration d'ammoniaque augmenterait dans le liquide de l'anse, et que la diffusibilité rapide de la base libre pourrait faciliter l'apport d'ammoniaque dans l'interstitium médullaire où son niveau élevé pourrait être maintenu par le processus d'échange à contre-courant. Dans ce schéma, il a été proposé qu'il y avait un gradient de concentration d'ammoniaque entre les structures médullaires et le cortex et une récupération de l'ammoniaque par le canal collecteur médullaire en raison du faible pH du liquide tubulaire à ce niveau. Cette étude a été conçue pour évaluer cette hypothèse en estimant les concentrations d'ammoniaque dans le tissu médullaire et cortical, et en corrélant les niveaux médullaires avec la vitesse de sécrétion dans le canal collecteur médullaire interne. Chez les animaux contrôles, la concentration d'ammoniaque total (NH4+ + NH3+) dans les vasa recta médullaires internes était de 9,2 ± 1,5 µmoles/ml, une valeur 1 000 fois plus élevée que le niveau cortical de 0,10 ± 0.01. Pendant une acidose aiguë, le niveau médullaire s'élevait à 22,5 ± 2,7 μmoles/ml, mais en acidose aiguë au cours d'une perfusion de mannitol, le niveau chutait à 8,0 ± 1,2. La vitesse de sécrétion d'ammoniaque dans le liquide du canal collecteur médullaire interne était directement corrélée avec la concentration d'ammoniaque dans les vasa recta médullaires. Ces données apportent la preuve d'un fort gradient de concentration d'ammoniaque entre la médullaire et le cortex, et suggèrent que le gradient de diffusion à travers l'épithélium du canal collecteur gouverne la vitesse d'addition de l'ammoniaque au liquide du canal collecteur

Enhancing Christian School Field Experiences through Academic Coaching in a Service-learning Partnership

This article gives an overview of service learning as it relates to learning and understanding a college student’s field of study. A survey was given to our education candidates who were completing a service learning project in a local Christian school. Results from the survey indicate that students were more likely to work in Christian school after having been exposed to this experience

Pacing as a strategy to improve energy management in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a consensus document

Purpose: Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating condition characterized by a number of symptoms which typically worsen following minimal exertion. Various strategies to manage the limited energy levels have been proposed. Of these, pacing has been consistently rated as one of the most helpful in surveys conducted by patient groups. This review is a response to the paucity of the information on pacing in the scientific literature. Method: We describe the principle of pacing and how this can be adapted to meet individual abilities and preferences. A critical evaluation of the research was conducted to ascertain the benefits and limitations of this strategy. Results: Based on various studies, it is proposed that pacing can help to stabilize the condition and avoid post-exertional malaise. Conclusion: Pacing offers practitioners an additional therapeutic option which is acceptable to the majority of patients and can reduce the severity of the exertion-related symptoms of ME/CFS