Sorption of metal ions mixture on natural lignite

Na jihomoravském lignitu byla prováděna sorpce čtveřice iontů kovů (Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ a Zn2+). Z experimentů byla provedena sorpční kinetika, závislost sorpce na pH, závislost sorpce na počáteční koncentraci, závislost na teplotě, vliv přítomnosti elektrolytů (KNO3 a NaCl) a desorpce v deionizované vodě. Pro srovnání vlivu počáteční koncentrace na průběh sorpce kovů ze směsi byla provedena i sorpce kovů z roztoků obsahující pouze jeden sorbující se kov. Všechny experimenty byly provedeny vsázkovým způsobem. Doba sorpce byla 24 h, třebaže po dvou hodinách byla již koncentrace iontů blízko rovnováhy. Za optimální pH bylo zvoleno pH 5. Sorpcí kovů z jednosložkových roztoků bylo získáno pořadí jejich afinity k lignitu Pb >> Cd > Zn > Cu a v případě sorpce ze směsi Pb > Cu > Zn > Cd. Maximální adsorpční kapacita z jednosložkových roztoků byla pro Pb 97,82 mg/g, Cd 60,34 mg/g, Zn 49,88 mg/g a Cu 30,28 mg/g a v případě sorpce ze směsi byla pro Pb 39,03 mg/g, Cu 25,94 mg/g, Zn 15,21 mg/g a Cd 5,18 mg/g. Experimentální data byla proložena Langmuirovou a Freundlichovou izotermou. Byly vypočítány termodynamické veličiny H°, S° a G°. Desorpčním testem se ukázalo, že desorpční účinnost kovů je 0–3 %. Z elektrolytů vykazoval největší vliv na sorpci NaCl. Na základě získaných výsledků se zdá, že kovy jsou na lignitu vázány především chemickými interakcemi. Lignit je vhodným sorpčním materiálem pro ionty kovů, zvláště v oblasti nízkých koncentrací.Sorption of quaternary metal ions (Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+) was carried out on lignite from the South Moravia. Following experiments were tested: kinetic sorption, dependence of sorption on pH, initial concentration, temperature, effect of electrolytes (KNO3 and NaCl) and desorption in deionized water. Sorption studies was carried out in quaternary mixtures and in the case of inicial concentration effect additional in a single-component solution. The batch sorption experiments was used. Sorption time was 24 hour, although concentration of ions was a near equilibrium after two hour. As the optimal pH was determined pH 5. The order of affinity by lignite was obtained Pb >> Cd > Zn > Cu for the sorption of metals in the single-component solution and the order was Pb > Cu > Zn > Cd for the sorption of mixture of metals. The maximum adsorptium capacities from single solutions were for Pb 97,82 mg/g, Cd 60,34 mg/g, Zn 49,88 mg/g and Cu 30,28 mg/g and in the case of ones from mixture solutions were for Pb 39,03 mg/g, Cu 25,94 mg/g, Zn 15,21 mg/g and Cd 5,18 mg/g. Experimental data have been analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich model. Thermodynamic values H°, S° and G° were calculated. Desorption test showed that desorption efficiency is 0–3 %. NaCl had the greatest influence on sorption from electrolytes. On the basis obtained results we can say that metals are binding to lignite in particular due to chemical interactions. Lignite is s suitable as a sorption material for metal ions especially in the field of low concentrations.

Study of Lignite Organic Matter

Tato práce se zabývá studiem organické hmoty jihomoravského lignitu pomocí dostupných fyzikálně-chemických metod a obdržené výsledky jsou případně zohledněny pro neenergetické aplikace lignitu. Organická hmota lignitu byla studována degradačními metodami, které zahrnovaly oxidaci CuO, termochemolýzu s TMAH, DFRC metodu. Zvláštní pozornost byla věnována oxidaci lignitu peroxidem vodíku, která byla provedena za různých reakčních podmínek (čas a teplota). Byla provedena termická degradace v inertní atmosféře k sledování chemických změn lignitu (včetně lignitu s různou úpravou) v průběhu pyrolýzy s využitím různých metod, a to zvláště TG-FTIR k analýze plynných produktů a FTIR k analýze zbytků uhlí po skončení pyrolýzy. Dále byly charakterizovány výluhy extrahované z lignitu působením vody při okolní teplotě, a to zejména z hlediska obsahu organických látek.This work deals with the study of organic matter in the South Moravian lignite using the available physico-chemical methods and the results obtained are eventually considered for non-energy applications of lignite. Lignite organic matter was studied by degradation methods, which included CuO oxidation, thermochemolysis with TMAH and DFRC method. Special attention was paid to the lignite oxidation with hydrogen peroxide, which was carried out under different reaction conditions (time and temperature). Thermal degradation was performed in an inert atmosphere in order to observation of chemical change of lignite (including lignite after extraction with chloroform, demineralised lignite, remineralised lignete) during pyrolysis by means of various methods, especially TG-FTIR for analysis of gaseous products and FTIR for analysis the residual lignite after pyrolysis. Further, water-soluble fractions from lignite were characterized, particularly in terms of the content of organic substances.

Improving the corrosion resistance of AZ31 magnesium alloy by preparing hydroxyapatite with a superhydrophobized surface

Magnesium and its alloys are promising materials that have potential mainly in the field of transport (e.g. automobile industry) and medicine (e.g. orthopedic implants). Their disadvantage is poor corrosion resistance, which limits their wider use in practice. Therefore, surface treatment by various methods is performed in order to improve corrosion protection. The preparation of a superhydrophobic coating is an interesting approach because the hydrophobic coating minimizes contact of the corrosion medium with the magnesium substrate. In this work, the hydrothermally prepared hydroxyapatite coating on AZ31 magnesium alloy was superhydrophobized by myristic acid. The prepared coatings were characterized by determining contact angle and surface analysis using a scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. The corrosion resistance of modified surfaces was examined by potenciodynamic polarization in 3.5 % NaCl

The Effect of Crystallization and Phase Transformation on the Mechanical and Electrochemical Corrosion Properties of Ni-P Coatings

This paper deals with the study of the crystallization and phase transformation of Ni-P coatings deposited on AZ91 magnesium alloy. Prepared samples were characterized in terms of surface morphology and elemental composition by means of scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis and differential scanning calorimetry suggested that increasing the phosphorus content caused Ni-P coatings to develop an amorphous character. The crystallization of Ni was observed at 150, 250, and 300 °C for low-, medium- and high-phosphorus coatings, respectively. The Ni crystallite size increased with increasing temperature and decreasing P content. Conversely, the presence of the Ni3P phase was observed at a maximum peak of 320 °C for the high-phosphorus coating, whereas the crystallization of the Ni3P phase shifted to higher temperatures with decreasing P content. The Ni3P crystallite size increased with increasing temperature and increasing P content. An increase in microhardness due to the arrangement of Ni atoms and Ni3P precipitation was observed. The deposition of as-deposited Ni-P coatings led to an improvement in the corrosion resistance of AZ91. However, the heat treatment of coatings resulted in a deterioration in corrosion properties due to the formation of microcracks

Effect of Laser Remelting of Fe-Based Thermally Sprayed Coating on AZ91 Magnesium Alloy on Its Structural and Tribological Properties

An Fe-based coating was thermally sprayed onto the surface of AZ91 magnesium alloy via the High-Velocity-Oxygen-Fuel (HVOF) method. The thermally sprayed coating with a thickness of 530 ± 25 µm and a porosity of 0.7 ± 0.1% did not show any macrostructural defects and did not cause any degradation of the AZ91 alloy. Laser remelting of the surface layer of the sprayed coating resulted in the recrystallization of the structure and the disappearance of presented pores, splat boundaries, and other defects. This led to an increase in the hardness of the remelted layer from the original 535 ± 20 HV0.3 up to 625 ± 5 HV0.3. However, during the laser remelting at a laser power of 1000 W, stress cracking in the coating occurred. The tribological properties were evaluated by the ball-on-plate method under dry conditions. Compared to the uncoated AZ91 magnesium alloy, a higher value of friction coefficient (COF) was measured for the as-sprayed coating. However, there was a decrease in wear rate and weight loss. The remelting of the surface layer of the as-sprayed coating led to a further decrease in the wear rate and weight loss. Based on the obtained data, it has been shown that the application of laser-remelted thermally sprayed Fe-based coatings on AZ91 Mg alloy improves hardness and tribological properties compared to bare Mg alloy and as-sprayed Fe-based coatings

The characterization of South Moravian lignite in its natural and treated forms using thermal degradation methods

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