David Parish, Alexander Baring and the US Loan of 1813: The Role of Nationality and Patriotism in the Transatlantic Mercantile Community in Times of War

The War of 1812 was a very expensive conflict for the United States. In 1813, three foreign-born investors, among them David Parish from Hamburg, Germany, saved the US government from bankruptcy by providing a sixteen-million dollar loan. This article focuses on the reasons why Parish – who strongly opposed the war – agreed to take a major share in the loan. At the same time, it examines the ways in which the Hamburg merchant tried to sell a large share of his US government bonds in Great Britain – America’s wartime enemy. Parish’s actions make it obvious that he promoted the idea of a supranational mercantile community that was not bound by patriotic considerations even during war times. Consequently, it was the British merchant banker Alexander Baring who stood at the core of Parish’s plans to sell US bonds in London. By contrasting Baring’s room for manoeuvre during these financial transactions with that of Parish this article shows that in the British context public expectations of loyalty and patriotism could indeed limit the abilities of local merchants in financing the opponent of war. Thus, the comparison of Parish’s and Baring’s experiences highlights the importance of local factors such as a consolidated public opinion and a strong nation state in setting the limits of the sphere of activity for internationally operating merchants in times of war

TRUSTS AND ESTATES - RELATIONSHIP BY AFFINITY-MEANING OF THE WORD STEPCHILD IN A TAX STATUTE

A widower with two children married Sarah Bordeaux and predeceased her. A child of the marriage died in infancy. The two children were raised by Sarah as if she had been their natural mother. A strong filial relationship developed, and at the death of Sarah in 1949, the bulk of her property passed to the two children by will. The inheritance tax division of the tax commission contended that the relationship by affinity had been terminated and that the children, no longer being stepchildren, were not entitled to the lower tax rates under Class A of the inheritance tax statute of Washington. The lower court rendered a judgment adverse to the inheritance tax division, and the inheritance tax division appealed. Held, affirmed. The rule that the death of a spouse without issue terminates the relationship by affinity should not be applied to limit the meaning of the word stepchild as used in this statute. In re Bordeaux\u27 Estate, (Wash. 1950) 225 P. (2d) 433

BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS-PARTNERSHIP-CLAIMS AGAINST PARTNER WHO ASSERTS INFANCY

An adult partner sought dissolution of the partnership, contribution of monies according to the contract, determination of liabilities for debts, ascertainment of respective interests, and an accounting from the infant partner. The infant partner asserted his infancy, disavowed the contract, and moved to dismiss the action. Held, motion granted except as to plaintiffs demand for a dissolution and accounting. Sacco v. Schallus, 11 N.J. Super. 197, 78 A. (2d) 143 (1950)

BILLS AND NOTES-RIGHT OF MAKER OF PROMISSORY NOTE TO SET-OFF IN AN ACTION BY A POST-MATURITY TRANSFEREE

In an action upon a promissory note by a holder who was a transferee after maturity, the maker sought to set-off collateral claims which he held against the holder\u27s transferor. Section 58 of the Negotiable Instruments Law provides: \u27\u27In the hands of any holder other than a holder in due course a negotiable instrument is subject to the same defenses as if it were non-negotiable. Another statute of the jurisdiction allowed set-off of collateral claims against third persons in actions on negotiable instruments. The lower court refused to allow the set-off. On appeal, held, reversed. Section 58 of the Negotiable Instruments Law includes only defenses inherent in the note itself. However, it is not exclusive and does not prevent the pleading of set-off if authorized by other statutes. Turkenkoph v. Te Beest, 55 N.M. 279, 232 P. (2d) 684 (1951)

Assessment of Functional Fitness Measures Among Community-Dwelling Older and Younger Adults

Please view abstract in the attached PDF fil

Prosodic markers of satirical imitation

Satirical imitation is a popular format of late-night comedy shows and can provide political entertainment and education. However, little research has been conducted on how satirists mark their satirical intent to clue audiences in on their intended messaging. This study investigates the prosodic marking of satirical imitation and contrasts it with prosodic marking of irony. We conducted a detailed case study of the prosodic marking in Alec Baldwin's satirical imitation of Donald Trump in his audiobook You Can't Spell America Without Me contrasted with both Baldwin's and Trump's regular voices. The analyzed corpus contained six hours of audio material across the three sources. Through a combination of automatic and manual coding, we measured average pitch, pitch variation, and speech rate. Our analysis did not reveal marking of satirical imitation by pitch or pitch variation. The satirical imitation was only marked by a faster speech rate than both baseline voices. These findings contrast with previous studies that identified a lower pitch, less pitch variation, and a slower speech rate as markers of verbal irony. Our study provides first evidence that satirical imitation is prosodically marked differently from verbal irony, with a faster speech rate as one potential marker

Major and trace element and multiple sulfur isotope composition of sulfides from the Paleoproterozoic Surda copper deposit, Singhbhum Shear Zone, India: Implications for the mineralization processes

The present study combines major and trace element composition, and sulfur (S) isotope data of pyrite and chacopyrite from the Surda copper sulfide deposit in the Singhbhum Shear Zone, the most important copper and uranium producing belt (Singhbhum Cu-U Belt) in India. Three textural and compositional types of both pyrite and chalcopyrite were distinguished; unzoned to partially zoned Pyrite IA with high Co (up to 54900 ppm) and low Ni content is earliest, followed by oscillatory zoned Pyrite IB with high As (up to 25600 ppm) and Co (up to 46800 ppm), bothoccurring in pyrite I + chalcopyrite I + pyrrhotite + magnetite + apatite vein; Cobaltite-type substitution (Fe1-xCox)(S1-xAsx)2 is suggested for Pyrite IB. Gold occurs in Pyrite I as minor “invisible” gold and as electrum inclusions. It also occurs along with Cu, Mn, Ni, Hg, Ag, Pb, Sb, Zn, Ce, Y, U, and Th in micro-fractures that transgress the primary zoning pattern defined by As, Co, and Ni in Pyrite IB. The early inclusion-rich chalcopyrite generation (Chalcopyrite I) contains high concentration of Zn and Se, and minor to trace amounts of Co, Ni, Hg, Pb, Sb, Te, and Bi, appeared in between Pyrite I and II.Low Co, high Ni (up to 37700 ppm) content Pyrite II, and inclusion-free Chalcopyrite II enriched in Co, Ni, Hg, Bi, Mn, Ag, Sb, V, and Pb are cogenetic, and occurring in pyrite II + pyrrhotite + pentlandite + chalcopyrite II ± violarite vein. Low Co and Ni containing Pyrite III + Chalcopyrite III occur mainly as disseminated grains. The relative timing of formation of Pyrite II + Chalcopyrite II with PyriteIII + Chalcopyrite III remains uncertain. Pyrite + chalcopyrite textures indicate that all pyrite + chalcopyrite formed at some time prior to the end of deformation and metamorphism. Both in situ and mineral separates of all pyrite types and associated chalcopyrite yield a narrow range of positive δ34S values (between +3.8 to +6.9 ‰) suggesting sulfur being derived from a similar source. Consistent positive δ34S values and other circumstantial evidence indicate that most sulfur was derived from seawater sulfate or modified seawater (brine/evaporite). Δ33S values revealed mass dependent fractionation (MDF) signature. It is proposed that incorporation of MDF sulfur of the mineralization event in Paleoproterozoic Singhbhum Cu-U Belt took place after the great oxidation event. The high Se concentrations (260 to 400 ppm) and ∑Se/∑S ratios for both Pyrite I and II from Surda deposit (4.4 to 5.7 x10-4) suggest a low temperature of the Cu–rich ores (250°-350°C), and precipitation from a metalliferous fluid with a high ∑Se/∑S ratio (10-4 to 10-3) consistent with igneous input of these elements

Activity-Based Protein Profiling in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Reveals the Broad Reactivity of a Carmofur-Derived Probe

Activity-based protein profiling is a powerful chemoproteomic technique to detect active enzymes and identify targets and off-targets of drugs. Here, we report the use of carmofur- and activity-based probes to identify biologically relevant enzymes in the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Carmofur is an anti-neoplastic prodrug of 5-fluorouracil and also has antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity. Carmofur probes were originally designed to target human acid ceramidase, a member of the NTN hydrolase family with an active-site cysteine nucleophile. Here, we first profiled the targets of a fluorescent carmofur probe in live S. aureus under biofilm-promoting conditions and in liquid culture, before proceeding to target identification by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Treatment with a carmofur-biotin probe led to enrichment of 20 enzymes from diverse families awaiting further characterization, including the NTN hydrolase-related IMP cyclohydrolase PurH. However, the probe preferentially labeled serine hydrolases, thus displaying a reactivity profile similar to that of carbamates. Our results suggest that the electrophilic N-carbamoyl-5-fluorouracil scaffold could potentially be optimized to achieve selectivity towards diverse enzyme families. The observed promiscuous reactivity profile suggests that the clinical use of carmofur presumably leads to inactivation of a number human and microbial enzymes, which could lead to side effects and/or contribute to therapeutic efficac