Création, révélation et rédemption dans le rationalisme juif médiéval

Ce qui s’apparente chez les rationalistes juifs du Moyen Âge à une « neutralisation » du messianisme avant l’heure constitue en réalité une authentique pensée du messianisme. Il ne s’agit pas seulement de conforter l’autorité de la loi, mais d’en proposer une certaine compréhension, dans son rapport fondamental à l’exil d’une part et à la vérité de l’autre. Ce dispositif se construit dans l’articulation ou la désarticulation des notions de création, de révélation et de rédemption. De Maïmonide à Yosef Albo, deux voies ont été proposées. La voie maïmonidienne consiste à faire des temps messianiques une garantie de l’éternité et de la perfection de la Torah. La voie de certains post-maïmonidiens consiste au contraire à réduire la rédemption à une croyance révélée dans la Torah, mais en aucun cas indispensable à celle-ci. Le même mouvement s’opère s’agissant de la création.The anti-apocalyptic approach to messianism advocated by Medieval Jewish rationalists shall not be reduced to their will to preserve the authority of the law. It aims rather at offering a certain understanding of the law, envisaged through both its relationship with exile and with truth. This dispositive lies on the articulation or disarticulation of the notions of creation, revelation and redemption. From Maimonides to Yosef Albo, two paths were proposed. Maimonides turned the messianic era into a guaranty of the eternity and of the perfection of the Torah. Some post-Maimonidean thinkers contrarily reduced redemption to the status of a belief that was revealed in the Torah, but that is in no way one of its necessary conditions. An analogous movement might be observed as regards the belief in creation

Spinoza, critique ou lecteur radical de Maïmonide ?

Le traitement de la figure de Moïse reflète la relation ambivalente de Spinoza à Maïmonide. Derrière la polémique manifeste contre le maître médiéval, se cache une lecture ésotérique du Guide des égarés. Que Moïse n’ait été qu’un législateur talentueux à l’imagination particulièrement fertile (et nullement un philosophe) est une thèse que certains de ses lecteurs averroïstes attribuaient déjà à Maïmonide. Spinoza s’inscrit dans leur filiation en transférant vers Jésus les caractéristiques que Maïmonide prête à Moïse tout en reprenant, à son sujet, les mêmes procédés d’écriture complexes que ceux à l’œuvre dans le Guide à propos de Moïse.The treatment he reserves for Moses reflects Spinoza’s ambivalent relationship to Maimonides. The manifest polemic against the Medieval master on this point hides an esoteric reading of the Guide of the Perplexed. That Moses was only a talented lawgiver with a particularly vivid imagination (and in no way a philosopher) is a thesis already ascribed to Maimonides by some of his Averroist readers. Spinoza follows in their footsteps in transferring to Jesus the characteristics Maimonides attributes to Moses and applying to him the same complex writing strategies used in the Guide in relation to Moses

Entre éternité et contingence : la Loi chez Maïmonide

In his Mishneh Torah, Maimonides insists on the immutability of the Torah and describes the messianic era as a time when it will be completely restored. On the contrary, some passages from his Guide of the perplexed seem to draw a conception of the Mitswot (commandments) according to which they are determined, as far as their content is concerned, by the general human behaviours at the time of the revelation of the Torah. In other words, once these specific behaviours disappeared, the commandments became obsolete. In this study, I try to reconcile these two theses, by suggesting that this very contradiction hints at a unitary and original conception of Law, temporarily inapplicable in its entirety, yet absolutely effective and significant at all time, appropriate thus for its principal aim: combating a perverted rapport with the world and with the laws, which is referred to as idolatry

L’aporie de Lorki : une croyance peut-elle être réfléchie ?

Les textes du passé, même marginaux, d’apparence anecdotique, ne sont pas le domaine réservé des «  historiens antiquaires  » de la Deuxième Considération intempestive de Nietzsche. Ils peuvent au contraire constituer pour nous un réservoir de réflexions et une incitation à penser. On trouve ainsi, dans un petit texte de circonstance aux allures de curiosité historique, une réflexion saisissante sur la notion de croyance, à même – à condition toutefois de se mettre à son écoute – de nous mene..

El judaísmo, una tradición rebelde

“La rebelión de los hijos, ese tema tan común en la literatura de principios del siglo [xx], ha alcanzado en el microcosmos familiar judío la dimensión de una verdadera inversión de valores”. El sintagma “rebelión de los hijos”, que emplea Stéphane Mosès acerca de la revuelta de determinados jóvenes intelectuales judíos contra sus padres asimilacionistas en la Alemania de principios del siglo XX, resuena como un eco de la figura bíblica del “hijo obstinado y rebelde”. Pero el hijo rebelde del..

Rifampin enhances cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B6-mediated efavirenz 8-hydroxylation in healthy volunteers

The effect of rifampin on the in vivo metabolism of the antiretroviral drug efavirenz was evaluated in healthy volunteers. In a cross-over placebo control trial, healthy subjects (n = 20) were administered a single 600 mg oral dose of efavirenz after pretreatment with placebo or rifampin (600 mg/day for 10 days). Plasma and urine concentrations of efavirenz, 8-hydroxyefavirenz and 8,14-dihydroxyefavirenz were measured by LC-MS/MS. Compared to placebo treatment, rifampin increased the oral clearance (by ∼2.5-fold) and decreased maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞) of efavirenz (by ∼1.6- and ∼2.5-fold respectively) (p < 0.001). Rifampin treatment substantially increased the Cmax and AUC0-12h of 8-hydroxyefavirenz and 8,14-dihydroxyefavirenz, metabolic ratio (AUC0-72h of metabolites to AUC0-72h efavirenz) and the amount of metabolites excreted in urine (Ae0-12hr) (all, p < 0.01). Female subjects had longer elimination half-life (1.6-2.2-fold) and larger weight-adjusted distribution volume (1.6-1.9-fold) of efavirenz than male subjects (p < 0.05) in placebo and rifampin treated groups respectively. In conclusion, rifampin enhances CYP2B6-mediated efavirenz 8-hydroxylation in vivo. The metabolism of a single oral dose of efavirenz may be a suitable in vivo marker of CYP2B6 activity to evaluate induction drug interactions involving this enzyme

Rapid Identification of the Hepatic Cytochrome P450 2C19 Activity Using a Novel and Noninvasive [ 13 C]Pantoprazole Breath Test

ABSTRACT We tested the hypothesis that the stable isotope [ 13 C]pantoprazole is O-demethylated by cytochrome P450 CYP2C19 and that the 13 CO 2 produced and exhaled in breath as a result can serve as a safe, rapid, and noninvasive phenotyping marker of CYP2C19 activity in vivo. Healthy volunteers who had been genotyped for the CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3, and CYP2C19*17 alleles were administered a single oral dose of [ 13 C]pantoprazole sodium-sesquihydrate (100 mg) with 2.1 g of sodium bicarbonate. Exhaled 13 CO 2 and 12 CO 2 were measured by IR spectroscopy before (baseline) and 2.5 to 120 min after dosing. Ratios of 13 CO 2 / 12 CO 2 after [ 13 C]pantoprazole relative to 13 CO 2 / 12 CO 2 at baseline were expressed as change over baseline (DOB). Maximal DOB, DOB 15 to DOB 120 , and area under the DOB versus time curve (AUC 0 -120 and AUC 0 -ϱ ) were significantly different among three genotype groups (CYP2C19*1/ *1, n ϭ 10; CYP2C19*1/*2 or CYP2C19*1/*3, n ϭ 10; and CYP2C19*2/*2, n ϭ 5) with predicted extensive metabolizers (EMs), intermediate metabolizers (IMs), and poor metabolizers (PMs) of CYP2C19, respectively (Kruskal-Wallis test, p Ͻ 0.01); linear regression analysis indicated a gene-dose effect relationship (r 2 ranged between 0.236 and 0.522; all p Ͻ 0.05). These breath test indices were significantly lower in PMs than IMs (p Ͻ 0.05) or EMs (p Ͻ 0.01) of CYP2C19. [ 13 C]Pantoprazole plasma exposure showed significant inverse correlation with breath test indices in the respective subjects (Pearson r ϭ Ϫ0.74; p ϭ 0.038). These feasibility data suggest that the [ 13 C]pantoprazole breath test is a reliable, rapid, and noninvasive probe of CYP2C19 and seems to be a useful tool to optimize drug therapy metabolized by CYP2C19

Maimonides and Maimonideans on Karaites and aggadot

International audienceThe paper discusses the consequences of a probable change of attitude of Maimonides towards the Karaites. It envisages Karaites as possible intended readers of Maimonides' Guide for the Perplexed and aims to explain his aborted project to write a treatise on the allegorical interpretation of Talmudic aggadot. It then examines a statement by Maimonides' son Abraham, which explicit a link between the need to offer an allegorical interpertation of aggadot and the struggle against Karaism.L'article discute les conséquences d'un probable changement de position de Maïmonide à propos des karaïtes au fil de sa vie. Nous envisageons que les karaïtes aient pu figurer parmi les destinataires du Guide des égarés, ce qui expliquerait l'abandon par Maïmonide de son projet d'écrire un traité consacré à l'interprétation allégorique des aggadot talmudiques. Nous confirmons cette hypothèse en montrant le lien explicite qu'Abraham Maïmonide, le fils de Moïse, établit entre l'interprétation des aggadot et la lutte contre le karaïsme.The paper discusses the consequences of a probable change of attitude of Maimonides towards the Karaites. It envisages Karaites as possible intended readers of Maimonides' Guide for the Perplexed and aims to explain his aborted project to write a treatise on the allegorical interpretation of Talmudic aggadot. It then examines a statement by Maimonides' son Abraham, which explicit a link between the need to offer an allegorical interpertation of aggadot and the struggle against Karaism