Determinants of income diversification in rural Ethiopia: Evidence from panel data

The aim of this study is to examine the determinants of income diversification in rural Ethiopia. Rural households allocate their work time between farm and of-farm activities to have secure income (consumption) for their family members. However, it is not clear why some households participate only in farm activities while others engage in both. Using survey data collected from 1500 rural households in 1994 and 1997, this study investigates the impacts of demographic, economic, and risk factors on participation and intensity of off-farm activities. The results of the study show that families with high dependency ratio, female household heads, high livestock value, and poor quality of land participated less in off-farm activities. Competition between off-farm and farm activities and effects of seasonality were more apparent from the intensity results than from participation. Increased crop production and sale of part of production during the main harvest season led households to engage less in off-farm activities. The results also confirm that off-farm activities were practiced as a means of subsistence when crop production fails; otherwise farmers abandon off-farm activities. Key Words: Dynamic Livelihood, Off-farm Income, Diversification, Ethiopi

The effect of boron substitution on cyclacenes

AM1-type semiempirical molecular orbital treatment was performed on the Huckel-type cyclacenes having certain number of boron atoms at the peri-positions and at the fusion sites of the arenoid rings. The effect of boron atoms is generally destabilizing in all the cases as compared to their unsubstituted cyclacene counterparts. The AM1 results revealed that certain properties of the boron-substituted cyclacenes are affected not only by the number of arenoid rings they have but also by the nature of their peripheral circuits

Quantitative structure-activity relationship study of some 7-substituted theophyllines

Some novel 7-substituted theophylline derivatives have been investigated for quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR). For this purpose, their bronchodilatory activities (in vitro), which were examined by the inhibition of acetylcholine induced contraction in tracheae isolated from guinea pigs, have been correlated with various quantum chemical and physicochemical parameters

1,3-DIPOLAR CYCLOADDITION REACTIONS OF SOME 1-ARYL-PYRIDINIUM-3-OLATES

In this study, the reactivities of 1-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-, 1-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)-, and 1-(5-nitro-2-pyridyl)-pyridinium-3-olates were tested upon various inductively and mesomerically electron rich dipolarophiles. N-substituted pyridinium-3-olates react across the 2,6-positions with 2pi-dipolarophiles whereas 4pi-dipolarophiles added across both 2,6 and 2,4 positions of the betaines