Estrutura genética, divergência morfológica e investimento reprodutivo de Cattleya liliputana (Orchidaceae:Laeliinae), endêmica do Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Exportado OPUSMade available in DSpace on 2019-08-13T13:46:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bruno_leles__disserta__o_final.pdf: 19885194 bytes, checksum: b8bd33bcc216ccceb2ca16db11372c76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 9A compreensão dos efeitos da paisagem sobre a conectividade e divergência genética de populações naturais é essencial para o entendimento dos padrões biogeográficos de distribuição da diversidade biológica. Esse conhecimento é particularmente importantepara regiões como Quadrilátero Ferrífero, um centro de diversidade e endemismo das áreas de altitude do leste da América do Sul. Microssatélites nucleares foram utilizados para averiguar a estrutura genética espacial, estimar a diversidade genética e explorar arelação entre diversidade genética, diversidade morfológica e investimento reprodutivo em sete populações naturais de Catteya liliputana (Orchidaceae). A modelagem Bayesiana de agrupamento espacial revelou um padrão de estruturação genético de acordo com a divisão pré-estabelecida de populações naturais. O algoritmo de máxima diferenciação de Monmonier e modelagem Bayesiana no programa STRUCTURE identificaram uma barreira genética localizada entre a Serra do Caraça e o vale do Rio das Velhas. Análises populacionais revelaram uma estruturação espacial moderada (Fst= 0.138, p<0.001) e alta diversidade genética e endogamia (He = 0.733±0.03; Fis = 0.308±0.04). A relação genética entre populações e testes de Mantel indicaram um padrão biogeográfico para distribuição da variabilidade genética e morfológica. Foi encontrado uma correlação positiva entre diversidade genética e morfológica entre populações. Populações pertencentes aos grupos genéticos identificados apresentaram estratégias de investimento reprodutivo diferentes. Dois grupos genéticos distintos foram encontrados em Cattleya liliputana, cada um representa uma unidade evolutiva, merecendo atenção no manejo e conservação da espécie. O presente estudo demonstracomo a descontinuidade de afloramentos rochosos e características do relevo atuam sobre a estruturação genética, diferenciação morfológica e variação no investimento reprodutivo. O isolamento genético ao longo do tempo pode acarretar em diferenciação morfológica com capacidade de limitar a reprodução entre populações de C. liliputana. Esses processos em conjunto com alta heterogeneidade ambiental podem ser um fatorimportante na irradiação evolutiva de Cattleya sect. Parviflorae.Knowledge of the role of landscapes in shaping genetic connectivity and divergence is essential for understanding patterns of biogeography and diversity. This is particularly relevant for the highly heterogeneous Iron Quadrangle region, a major biodiversity hotspot in eastern South America highlands. Nuclear microsatellites were used to assess the landscape genetics, estimate genetic diversity and explore genetic relationships withmorphological variability and reproductive strategies for seven natural populations of Cattleya liliputana (Orchidaceae). Spatial Bayesian clustering suggested genetic structuring in accordance with pre-established natural populations. Monmonier´s maximum difference algorithm and Bayesian analysis on STRUCTURE identified anmajor discontinuity between Serra do Caraça and Rio das Velhas valley. Populationbased analyses revealed moderate genetic structuring (FST = 0.138, p<0.001) and high genetic diversity and inbreeding (He = 0.733±0.03; Fis = 0.308±0.04). Interpopulation relationships and Mantel tests supported a biogeographical pattern to the distribution of the genetic and morphological variability. We found significant correlation for genetic and morphological diversity among populations. Populations from of the two main genetic and morphological groups also exhibited different investment in the production of flowers. Two distinct groupings were identified within C. liliputana. Each comprises an evolutionarily significant unit, warranting conservation considerations. The currentstudy illustrates that landscape discontinuity drives genetic structuring, morphological divergence and reproductive trade-offs. Isolation over time may lead to morphological changes that can limit reproduction between populations of C. liliputana. These processes in conjunction to high landscape heterogeneity can be an important driver of Cattleya sect. Parviflorae species diversification

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions forecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosys-tem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts withdomestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their fulldistribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths.Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae(3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data onDasypus pilo-sus(Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized,but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In thisdata paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence andquantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is fromthe southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of theNeotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regardinganteaters,Myrmecophaga tridactylahas the most records (n=5,941), andCyclopessp. havethe fewest (n=240). The armadillo species with the most data isDasypus novemcinctus(n=11,588), and the fewest data are recorded forCalyptophractus retusus(n=33). Withregard to sloth species,Bradypus variegatushas the most records (n=962), andBradypus pyg-maeushas the fewest (n=12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to makeoccurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly ifwe integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, andNeotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure,habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possiblewith the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data inpublications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are usingthese data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data