Is the association between vitamin D, adiponectin, and insulin resistance present in normal weight or obese? A pilot study

Summary: Objective: Obesity is classically associated with vitamin D deficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of vitamin D with serum adiponectin concentration and insulin resistance in normal weight and obese individuals. Research methods and procedures: Cross-sectional analysis was performed in 76 participants without diabetes (40 obese and 36 normal weight) from a convenience sample of a health counseling center in Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. All participants self-reported their skin color as white. Body weight and height were used to calculate body mass index (BMI). Serum insulin, glycemia, vitamin D (25OHD), and adiponectin were evaluated after 12 h fasting. Body fat percentage by electric bioimpedance and waist circumference were analyzed. Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated. Age- and gender-adjusted associations by multivariate logistic regression were used. Multiplicative interaction terms between 25OHD/adiponectin and BMI were calculated. Results: Participant's mean age was 35 ± 9.5 years; 75% were female, and 65.8% were vitamin D insufficient (25OHD < 20 ng/mL). The mean of 25OHD was 28.4 ± 8.6 ng/mL, median of adiponectin was 204 ng/L, and the median of Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was 2.2. There was no association between 25OHD status, adiponectin, and HOMA-IR in total sample or among obese or normal weight individuals. After adjustments, there was an association between 25OHD insufficiency and body fat percentage (odds ratio = 0.94; confidence interval 95% = 0.88 to 0.99, p = 0.04) in the total sample. BMI did not influence the association between 25OHD and adiponectin. Conclusion: There was a negative association between fat percentage and 25OHD status, but there were no associations between 25OHD, adiponectin, and insulin resistance in this sample. Further studies are needed to understand these associations in other populations. Keywords: Obesity, Vitamin D, Adiponectin, Insulin resistance, Vitamins, Abdominal fa

Obesity with no metabolic syndrome and adipose tissue expansion based solely on risk factors and inflammatory marker of coronary heart disease in premenopausal women

The objective of this study was to analyze whether obese women with no metabolic syndrome (MetS) have increased cardiometabolic risk compared to non-obese women and to observe the correlations between adiposity and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors in metabolically healthy women. 20-40 year old non-obese (n=41), obese with no MetS (n=30) and obese with MetS (n=28) women were studied. Lipid profile, blood pressure, CHD family history, physical inactivity, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), fibrinogen, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were analyzed. A subset of obese (13) and non-obese (33) women with no major components of MetS (except waist circumference) were further compared. Obese women with no MetS and non-obese women presented a similar metabolic profile that was statistically different from those seen in obese women with MetS. The number of obese women with no MetS and non-obese women presenting two or more risk factors (23.3 and 19.5%, respectively) or presenting high Framingham Risk Score (6.7 and 2.4%, respectively) were also similar. The only pro inflammatory protein correlated to waist circumference was hs-CRP. These data suggest that obesity with no MetS induce a CHD risk comparable to the risk seen in non-obese women. However, when women with no major components of MetS alone were considered, adiposity was positively correlated to blood pressure and hs-CRP. Although CHD risk of obese women with no MetS is closer to non-obese women, adipose tissue expansion was positively correlated to blood pressure and hs-CRP that are important risk factors for CHD

Baseline pro-inflammatory diet is inversely associated with change in weight and body fat 6 months following-up to bariatric surgery

To evaluate whether the baseline Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) was associated with weight loss and body composition change after bariatric surgery. This longitudinal study included 132 women with obesity (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2, 43.0 ± 9.7 years), followed up for 6 months after bariatric surgery. The DII® was calculated from dietary data collected using 24-h dietary recall interviews. Anthropometric variables, socio demographic variables, health-related habits, history of disease, as well as gastrointestinal symptoms, both in the preoperative period (baseline) and 6 months after bariatric surgery were collected from the patients’ medical records. Individuals with a more pro-inflammatory diet (DII > 0.35 median value) preoperatively experienced smaller weight loss (− 22.7% vs. − 25.3%, p = 0.02) and fat mass loss (− 31.9 vs. − 36.2%, p = 0.026), with no difference in lean mass (p = 0.14). In a linear regression model, the baseline DII score was negatively associated with percentage change in weight and fat mass and positively associated with weight and fat mass in the sixth month after surgery. In addition, a pro-inflammatory baseline DII score was correlated with a lower intake of fruit (r = − 0.26, p = 0.006), vegetables (r = − 0.47, p = 0.001), and legumes (r = − 0.21, p = 0.003) in the postoperative period. In this longitudinal study, a pro-inflammatory diet at baseline was associated with smaller reductions in weight and body fat and poorer dietary quality (reduced consumption of fruits, vegetables, and legumes) 6 months after bariatric surgery