WZWZ Production at eγe\gamma Colliders and Anomalous Quartic WWZγWWZ\gamma Coupling

We investigate the constraints on the anomalous quartic $W^{+}W^{-}Z\gamma$ gauge boson coupling through the process $e^{-}\gamma\to \nu_{e}W^{-}Z$. Considering incoming beam polarizations and the longitudinal and transverse polarization states of the final W and Z boson we find 95% confidence level limits on the anomalous coupling parameter $a_{n}$ with an integrated luminosity of 500 $fb^{-1}$ and $\sqrt{s}$=0.5, 1 TeV energies. We show that initial beam and final state polarizations improve the sensitivity to the anomalous coupling by up to factors of 2 - 3.5 depending on the energy.Comment: published versio

Suspicions of those who permit the issue of investment certificates an exposition and discussionشبه المبيحين لشهادات الاستثمار

The study deals with the suspicion s relied upon by those who admit the issue of investment certificates. The suspicions are: I - Plea of interest: an argument which cannot be accepted because the interest is considered to be a plea only if we are short of a text, while usury is prohibited by conclusive texts. 2 - Plea of prevailing custom: a weak argument too because a reck­oned custom is that which has been prevailing at the time of the descent of The Qur\u27an . A contingent custom at variance with a le­gal text cannot be relied upon. 3 - Plea of need and exigency : but the authorization of acting because of need and exigency is an extraordinary exception arising from the circumstances of the person authorized; and it does not consti­tute a public transacting system. 4 - Plea of no usury between a state and its citizens”: an unaccept­able argument because it is no more than an unestablished evi­dence, as long as the state citizens are subject to the same rules. 5 - Plea of difference bet ween a consumable and a productive loan: an argument which can be rebutted by remembering that prohibit­ ting texts are common and i t is very difficult to differentiate be­ tween the two categories of loan s i n practice . 6 - Plea of Prohibiting usury only and not \u27mere interest\u27 : an un­ acceptable argument also as true hadiths admonished interest ir­respective of its amount. 7 - Plea of circumscribing prohibition on Jahilia interest only i.e. the excess of debt on maturity date as a consequence of the inabili­ty of the debtor to pay. This argument can be rebutted also by indication that the criterion is the generality of term and not the exclusivity of cause. 8 - Plea of prohibiting \u27sales interest\u27 only \u27as this is the only interest referred to in Al-Sonnah\u27 : an argument which can be rebut­ ted by denoting that a debt interest is mentioned in both Qur\u27an and Sun nah. The writer concludes his study by considering investment certifi­cates to be a type of illegal usury

Endow ment of Money in Islamic Jurisprudence-وقف النقود في الفقه الإسلامي

The topic discussed one of the Ijtihad matters related to endowment as, in spite of its importance, most of its provisions are based on ijtihad .In the preface, the author demonstrates the meanings of endowment, the basis of its legitimacy in the Holy Quran, Sunnah and common sense, the 3 different opinions of jurisprudents on the endowment ownership effects, i.e. ownership of the endowed subject remains with the its creator but has no right for disposal, ownership transferred to the endowed for and finally the endowed becomes the property of God. The writer supports the first opinion. He also supported the jurisprudents\u27 majority opinion on the necessity of endowment. The topic was divided into four parts as follows: Part 1 demonstrates scholars opinions on endowment of movable assets which is based on the endowment of money, the first of which forbids this endowment re restricting it to real estate, the second allows it in a limited form such as the endowment of land together with whatever is on it, such as animals on a farm and weapons, the third allows the endowment of whatever can be sold and can be utilized without consuming it. This is being the majority opinion, he supported it because it encourages the good dees and enlarges its diameter. Part II tackles the legitimacy and basis of endowment of monies relying on the majority\u27s opinion of movable assets endowment being permissible as monies fall under this category. Reviewing the various scholars scripts on this issue, the majority of whom considered it permissible based on the permission to have it leased. Author\u27s opinion that matches the spirit of jurisprudence is to permit money endowment to make use of its power of exchange. The author also refuted the idea of monies being unusable unless consumed saying that its power of exchange and financial evaluation of goods and services. Part III: Liquidation of money for charitable borrowing being the most useful area of monies endowment. The writer suggests that an authority should be responsible for such function the expenses of which to be borne either by the Finance House or public Authority, else by the borrower and to be considered as operational fees. Part IV: Liquidation of money for development and later distribute their profits to charitable parties. This has many methods such as speculation, credit sales, installments and investment bonds stressing that investment bonds interests are not permissible since they are really loan which produced a benefit which converts it into sinful usury

قضايا فقهية تتعلق ببنوك الحليب البشري - أ.د. محمود أحمد أبو ليل

إن الحليب هو الغذاء الرئيسي للطفل في أيامه الأولى ، وبه قوام حياته واكتمال نموه، والحليب البشري خير أنواع الحليب وأعظمها فائدة للوليد، وأكثرها ملاءمة له، ورفقاً به، إذ هو الذي خلقه الله في أثداء الأمهات لحكمة تغذية الأطفال، ولذلك أمر الله الوالدات بالإرضاع ، فقال سبحانه : والوالدات يرضعن أولادهن حولين كاملين لمن أراد أن يتم الرضاعة. وشرع جل وعز الإجارة في الرضاع اهتماماً بشأنه، وتشجيعاً عليه عند الحاجة إليه فقال في كتابه: فإن أرضعن لكم فأتوهن أجورهن وأتمروا بينكم بمعروف وإن تعاسرتم فسترضع له أخرى. وقد يحصل أحياناً أن لا يتوفر للطفل حليب من أمه إما لموتها عند الولادة أو لعدم إدرار ثديها لضعف أو مرض أو لأي سبب من الاسباب ولذا درجت بعض المؤسسات والمستشفيات على جمع كميات من حليب الأمهات من مختلف الأجناس والأديان، عن طريق الاستيهاب أو الشراء ثم القيام بتخزينه وتعقيمه وتعبئته في قوارير تعطى لمن يحتاجها من الأطفال. وف يهذا المجال تثور تساؤلات عن حكم تبرع النساء بحليبهن لمثل هذه المؤسسات، وعن بيع هذا الحليب هل يجوز أم لا؟ وهي ثبت التحريم بحليب هذه البنوك

The Woman and the Judicial Position in Islamic Jurisprudence

This dissertation deals with the act of taking charge of the position of a judge by a woman in Islamic jurisprudence. It includes a survey of the viewpoints of the scholars concerning this issue classifying them into three categories: The first viewpoint which was adopted by the consensus of scholars (Jumhour) completely forbade a woman to take charge of such a position, declaring her judgment to be void; if dissenting from the rule. She had taken charge of this position. The second viewpoint which was adopted by the Hanafis and by lbn Al-Qasim from the Malikis, forbade her to take charge. of such a position but stating that her judgment is considered to be effective if it related to matters in which the evidence of a woman is admissible. The third viewpoint which was adopted by the Dahiris • Al Taberi and Al-Hasan Al Basri, allowed her to take charge of such a position dealing with all matters. The dissertation sat forth the ideas of each group indicating its merits together with its shortcomings and finally preponderating the viewpoint of Al Jumhour. Taking the side of Al Jumhor was due to Alla\u27s saying 11 Men are the protectors and maintainers of women 11 and to the saying of Prophet Muhammad (P.b.u.h.) A folk which entrusts its interests to a woman will never succeed”. Moreover, the physical and female nature of a woman reinforce such argument which prevailed during the first Islamic epochs

Testing the standard model at future high energy colliders

Throughout this thesis we test some aspects of the Standard Model (SM) at future high energy colliders. We start by examining the SU(2)x U(l) non-abelian nature of the SM. We consider the effect of anomalous couplings on the reaction e(^+)e(^-) → W(^+)W-γ, at s = 200 GeV, where the photon is soft. We show that the dependence on the anomalous couplings is of the same order as, but different from, the dependence of the leading order e(^+)e(^-) → W(^+)W(^-) cross section. We therefore argue that the two processes are complementary in providing precision tests of the Standard Model electroweak vertices. We also study the same process, e(^+)e(^-) → W(^+)W(^-)γ, at high-energy e(^+)e(^-) colliders to investigate the effect of genuine quartic W(^+)W(^-)γγ and W(^+)W(^-)Zγ anomalous couplings on the cross section. Deviations from the Standard Model predictions are quantified. We show how bounds on the anomalous couplings can be improved by choosing specific initial state helicity combinations. The dependence of the anomalous contributions on the collider energy is studied. We then proceed to present a detailed analysis of soft photon radiation in e(^+)e(^-) → tt → bW(^+)bW(^-). The radiation pattern is shown to depend sensitively on the top mass, width and energy, as well as the relative orientation of the initial and final state particles. Optimum conditions in which initial state radiation is minimised and the radiation pattern has the richest structure are discussed. Finally, the Higgs sector of the SM is visited, where the production of the SM Higgs ø with intermediate mass at the proposed CERN LEPOLHC ep collider in γq(q) → W(^±)øq’(q), γq(q) → Zºøq(q) and gγ → qqø events is studied. This is done for all possible (massive) flavours of the quarks q(q') and using photons generated via Compton back-scattering of laser light. We study signatures in which the Higgs decays to bb-pairs and the electroweak vector bosons W(^±) and Zº decay either hadronically or leptonically. All possible backgrounds to these signals are also computed

Status of Collective Reasoning (ljtihad) in Islamic Jurisprudence

The author indicates the advantages of collective reasoning (ljtihad), against individual reasoning. Collective reasoning is more reliable, less fallible, and is compatible with the spirit of the modern age. Modern Muslim societies are in need of valid reasoning, both as regards inherited jurisprudence, or in connection with existing social conditions and events that need legal provision s to cover. Validity of collective reasoning is established through the following: 1- If it is the result of unanimous explicit or implicit opinion that makes it an authority. Though this unanimity is difficult, it is not impossible. 2- where unanimity is not possible, a majority can endorse Collective reasoning, and also distinct individual reasoning supported by consultation, debate and through examination. In both these two cases, collective reasoning is not an authority binding on opposes. 3- Collective reasoning is binding on a ruler if he is not of a reasoning caliber. 4- Collective reasoning is binding on the public. 5- It is also binding on a reasoning fellow who was unable to reach a verdict, or did not seek thereof; or has tried but failed due to the presence of equally valid evidences. 6- Validity of joint reasoning is confined to producers thereof, and to rulers and the public in its particular time or place. It ceases to be valid should fresh conditions or interests emerge, or new evidence is set forth, in accordance with the rule of flexibility of jurisprudence

Intermediate mass Higgs bosons of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model at the proposed CERN LEP⊗\otimesLHC epep collider

The production of the \mssm\ Higgs bosons $H^0,h^0,A^0$ and $H^\pm$, in the intermediate mass range of the $A^0$, at two different values of $\tan\beta$, is studied at the possible CERN LEP$\otimes$LHC $ep$ collider, through $\gamma p$ interactions, by photons generated via Compton back--scattering of laser light. Signatures in which H^0,h^0,A^0\ar b\bar b and H^\pm\ar \tau\nu_\tau are considered. Flavour identification on $b$--jets is assumed. Backgrounds to Higgs signals are computed. Explicit formulae for the helicity amplitudes of the Higgs processes are given.Comment: 47 pages, Latex, 3 figures uuencode