1,649 research outputs found
Coulomb blockade and Bloch oscillations in superconducting Ti nanowires
Quantum fluctuations in quasi-one-dimensional superconducting channels
leading to spontaneous changes of the phase of the order parameter by ,
alternatively called quantum phase slips (QPS), manifest themselves as the
finite resistance well below the critical temperature of thin superconducting
nanowires and the suppression of persistent currents in tiny superconducting
nanorings. Here we report the experimental evidence that in a current-biased
superconducting nanowire the same QPS process is responsible for the insulating
state -- the Coulomb blockade. When exposed to RF radiation, the internal Bloch
oscillations can be synchronized with the external RF drive leading to
formation of quantized current steps on the I-V characteristic. The effects
originate from the fundamental quantum duality of a Josephson junction and a
superconducting nanowire governed by QPS -- the QPS junction (QPSJ).Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Superconducting MoSi nanowires
We have fabricated disordered superconducting nanowires of molybdenium
silicide. A molybdenium nanowire is first deposited on top of silicon, and the
alloy is formed by rapid thermal annealing. The method allows tuning of the
crystal growth to optimise, e.g., the resistivity of the alloy for potential
applications in quantum phase slip devices and superconducting nanowire
single-photon detectors. The wires have effective diameters from 42 to 79 nm,
enabling the observation of crossover from conventional superconductivity to
regimes affected by thermal and quantum fluctuations. In the smallest diameter
wire and at temperatures well below the superconducting critical temperature,
we observe residual resistance and negative magnetoresistance, which can be
considered as fingerprints of quantum phase slips
The Spectral Energy Distribution of Self-gravitating Interstellar Clouds I. Spheres
We derive the spectral energy distribution (SED) of dusty, isothermal, self
gravitating, stable and spherical clouds externally heated by the ambient
interstellar radiation field. For a given radiation field and dust properties,
the radiative transfer problem is determined by the pressure of the surrounding
medium and the cloud mass expressed as a fraction of the maximum stable cloud
mass above which the clouds become gravitational unstable.
To solve the radiative transfer problem a ray-tracing code is used to
accurately derive the light distribution inside the cloud. This code considers
both non isotropic scattering on dust grains and multiple scattering events.
The dust properties inside the clouds are assumed to be the same as in the
diffuse interstellar medium in our galaxy. We analyse the effect of the
pressure, the critical mass fraction, and the ISRF on the SED and present
brightness profiles in the visible, the IR/FIR and the submm/mm regime with the
focus on the scattered emission and the thermal emission from PAH-molecules and
dust grains.Comment: accepted for publication in ApJS, May 2008, v176n1 issu
Co-Expression Network Models Suggest that Stress Increases Tolerance to Mutations
Network models are a well established tool for studying the robustness of complex systems, including modelling the effect of loss of function mutations in protein interaction networks. Past work has concentrated on average damage caused by random node removal, with little attention to the shape of the damage distribution. In this work, we use fission yeast co-expression networks before and after exposure to stress to model the effect of stress on mutational robustness. We find that exposure to stress decreases the average damage from node removal, suggesting stress induces greater tolerance to loss of function mutations. The shape of the damage distribution is also changed upon stress, with a greater incidence of extreme damage after exposure to stress. We demonstrate that the change in shape of the damage distribution can have considerable functional consequences, highlighting the need to consider the damage distribution in addition to average behaviour
Phase-coded pulse aperiodic transmitter coding
Both ionospheric and weather radar communities have already adopted the method of transmitting radar pulses in an aperiodic manner when measuring moderately overspread targets. Among the users of the ionospheric radars, this method is called Aperiodic Transmitter Coding (ATC), whereas the weather radar users have adopted the term Simultaneous Multiple Pulse-Repetition Frequency (SMPRF). When probing the ionosphere at the carrier frequencies of the EISCAT Incoherent Scatter Radar facilities, the range extent of the detectable target is typically of the order of one thousand kilometers – about seven milliseconds – whereas the characteristic correlation time of the scattered signal varies from a few milliseconds in the D-region to only tens of microseconds in the F-region. If one is interested in estimating the scattering autocorrelation function (ACF) at time lags shorter than the F-region correlation time, the D-region must be considered as a moderately overspread target, whereas the F-region is a severely overspread one. Given the technical restrictions of the radar hardware, a combination of ATC and phase-coded long pulses is advantageous for this kind of target. We evaluate such an experiment under infinitely low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions using lag profile inversion. In addition, a qualitative evaluation under high-SNR conditions is performed by analysing simulated data. The results show that an acceptable estimation accuracy and a very good lag resolution in the D-region can be achieved with a pulse length long enough for simultaneous E- and F-region measurements with a reasonable lag extent. The new experiment design is tested with the EISCAT Tromsø VHF (224 MHz) radar. An example of a full D/E/F-region ACF from the test run is shown at the end of the paper
Using discriminant analysis as a nucleation event classification method
More than three years of measurements of aerosol size-distribution and different gas and meteorological parameters made in Po Valley, Italy were analysed for this study to examine which of the meteorological and trace gas variables effect on the emergence of nucleation events. As the analysis method, we used discriminant analysis with non-parametric Epanechnikov kernel, included in non-parametric density estimation method. The best classification result in our data was reached with the combination of relative humidity, ozone concentration and a third degree polynomial of radiation. RH appeared to have a preventing effect on the new particle formation whereas the effects of O<sub>3</sub> and radiation were more conductive. The concentration of SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub> also appeared to have significant effect on the emergence of nucleation events but because of the great amount of missing observations, we had to exclude them from the final analysis
The quantum phase slip phenomenon in superconducting nanowires with high-impedance environment
Quantum phase slip (QPS) is the particular manifestation of quantum
fluctuations of the order parameter of a current-biased quasi-1D
superconductor. The QPS event(s) can be considered a dynamic equivalent of
tunneling through conventional Josephson junction containing static in space
and time weak link(s). At low temperatures T<<Tc the QPS effect leads to finite
resistivity of narrow superconducting channels and suppresses persistent
currents in tiny nanorings. Here we demonstrate that the quantum tunneling of
phase may result in Coulomb blockade: superconducting nanowire, imbedded in
high-Ohmic environment, below a certain bias voltage behaves as an insulator.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figure
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