Crystallography Under Extreme Conditions: State of the Art and Perspectives

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La francophonie et le Sud de la Méditerrannée

Cette contribution vise à appréhender le phénomène de la francophonie dans les pays du Sud de la Méditerranée. Nous évoquons principalement les aspects politiques de la participation versus la non-participation de ces pays et, accessoirement, leurs aspects linguistiques et socioculturels, dans la mesure où ils peuvent influer, en tant que forces profondes, sur la dynamique politique du phénomène. À cet égard, les éclairages historiques constituent des repères incontournables, comme l’illustrent la « Question d’Orient » et le contexte colonial des XIXe-XXe siècles. C'est ainsi qu'après avoir évoqué la complexité globale de la dimension politique du projet francophone, l’on tentera de cerner les expériences contrastées de quelques pays du Maghreb (Maroc, Algérie, Tunisie) et du Machrek (Liban, Egypte, Syrie) et, au sein de ces deux ensembles, des pays qui y participent et des pays qui n’y participent pas. Nous terminons notre analyse en ébauchant une réflexion sur les aspects psychologiques, sociologiques et linguistiques qui conditionnent un véritable échange culturel entre les partenaires du Nord et du Sud.This contribution attemps to understand the Francophonie in Southern Mediterranean countries. This work focuses on the political aspects of thèse countries in addition to their linguistic and socio-cultural traditions insofar as they act as important operating factors. In this respect, history cannot be ignored as illustrated by the "Oriental Question" and the colonial period of the 19th and 20th centuries. First, the political complexity of the Francophonie is analysed. Second, we présent the different experiences between some countries of the Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia), of the Near East (Lebanon, Egypt, Syria), and within thèse régions, of those that do or do not participate in the process. Finally, we reflect on the psychological, sociological, and linguistic aspects which shape a truly meaningful cultural exchange between the Northern and Southern countries

La question de l’inconstitutionnalité de la décision jordanienne de désengagement de Cisjordanie du 31 juillet 1988

Une affaire de passeport L’affaire constituant le point de départ de cette étude éclate suite à l’arrêt pris le 15 octobre 1997 par la Haute Cour de justice (mahkamat al-cadl al-culiyâ) jordanienne (ci-après HCJ), sous la présidence du juge Fârûq al-Kîlânî. L’arrêt en question (n° 212/97) fait suite à une plainte, déposée par le requérant, ‘Âdel Qâzem cOmar al-Madbûh, contre le ministre de l’Intérieur et le directeur général de l’état civil et des passeports. Le requérant avait introduit une..

La question de l’inconstitutionnalité de la décision jordanienne de désengagement de Cisjordanie du 31 juillet 1988

Une affaire de passeport L’affaire constituant le point de départ de cette étude éclate suite à l’arrêt pris le 15 octobre 1997 par la Haute Cour de justice (mahkamat al-cadl al-culiyâ) jordanienne (ci-après HCJ), sous la présidence du juge Fârûq al-Kîlânî. L’arrêt en question (n° 212/97) fait suite à une plainte, déposée par le requérant, ‘Âdel Qâzem cOmar al-Madbûh, contre le ministre de l’Intérieur et le directeur général de l’état civil et des passeports. Le requérant avait introduit une..

La situation en Jordanie : un aperçu général

La situation en Jordanie : un aperçu généra

Electrical signature of individual magnetic skyrmions in multilayered systems

Magnetic skyrmions are topologically protected whirling spin textures that can be stabilized in magnetic materials in which a chiral interaction is present. Their limited size together with their robustness against the external perturbations promote them as the ultimate magnetic storage bit in a novel generation of memory and logic devices. Despite many examples of the signature of magnetic skyrmions in the electrical signal, only low temperature measurements, mainly in magnetic materials with B20 crystal structure, have demonstrated the skyrmions contribution to the electrical transport properties. Using the combination of Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) and Hall resistivity measurements, we demonstrate the electrical detection of sub-100 nm skyrmions in multilayered thin film at room temperature (RT). We furthermore analyse the room temperature Hall signal of a single skyrmion which contribution is mainly dominated by anomalous Hall effect.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figure

Hybrid chiral domain walls and skyrmions in magnetic multilayers

Noncollinear spin textures in ferromagnetic ultrathin films are currently the subject of renewed interest since the discovery of the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI). This antisymmetric exchange interaction selects a given chirality for the spin textures and allows stabilising configurations with nontrivial topology. Moreover, it has many crucial consequences on the dynamical properties of these topological structures, including chiral domain walls (DWs) and magnetic skyrmions. In the recent years the study of noncollinear spin textures has been extended from single ultrathin layers to magnetic multilayers with broken inversion symmetry. This extension of the structures in the vertical dimension allows very efficient current-induced motion and room-temperature stability for both N\'eel DWs and skyrmions. Here we show how in such multilayered systems the interlayer interactions can actually lead to more complex, hybrid chiral magnetisation arrangements. The described thickness-dependent reorientation of DWs is experimentally confirmed by studying demagnetised multilayers through circular dichroism in x-ray resonant magnetic scattering. We also demonstrate a simple yet reliable method for determining the magnitude of the DMI from static domains measurements even in the presence of these hybrid chiral structures, by taking into account the actual profile of the DWs. The advent of these novel hybrid chiral textures has far-reaching implications on how to stabilise and manipulate DWs as well as skymionic structures in magnetic multilayers.Comment: 22 pages, 5 figure

In vitro susceptibility of Actinobaculum schaalii to 12 antimicrobial agents and molecular analysis of fluoroquinolone resistance

Objectives To assess the in vitro susceptibility of Actinobaculum schaalii to 12 antimicrobial agents as well as to dissect the genetic basis of fluoroquinolone resistance. Methods Forty-eight human clinical isolates of A. schaalii collected in Switzerland and France were studied. Each isolate was identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. MICs of amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, vancomycin, clindamycin, linezolid, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, co-trimoxazole, nitrofurantoin and metronidazole were determined using the Etest method. Interpretation of results was made according to EUCAST clinical breakpoints. The quinolone-resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA and parC genes were also identified and sequence analysis was performed for all 48 strains. Results All isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, clindamycin (except three), vancomycin, linezolid and nitrofurantoin, whereas 100% and 85% were resistant to ciprofloxacin/metronidazole and co-trimoxazole, respectively. Greater than or equal to 90% of isolates were susceptible to the other tested fluoroquinolones, and only one strain was highly resistant to levofloxacin (MIC ≥32 mg/L) and moxifloxacin (MIC 8 mg/L). All isolates that were susceptible or low-level resistant to levofloxacin/moxifloxacin (n = 47) showed identical GyrA and ParC amino acid QRDR sequences. In contrast, the isolate exhibiting high-level resistance to levofloxacin and moxifloxacin possessed a unique mutation in GyrA, Ala83Val (Escherichia coli numbering), whereas no mutation was present in ParC. Conclusions When an infection caused by A. schaalii is suspected, there is a risk of clinical failure by treating with ciprofloxacin or co-trimoxazole, and β-lactams should be preferred. In addition, acquired resistance to fluoroquinolones more active against Gram-positive bacteria is possibl